NOTES

[1] For Pike see G Davison and J Hirst, The Oxford Companion to Australian History, 2001, p.511. For the Eureka quotes see R Brown, Settler Australia, 1780-1880, Vol 2, Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, 2013, p.1, p.277.

[2] Hart, Confessions of an Anarchist, Richards, 1906, chs. 3, 5 and 8.

[3] B Porter, ‘Preface’, Plots and Paranoia, Routledge, 2016 (orig 1992)

[4] W Hughes, Crusts and Crusades’, Angus and Robertson, 1947, p.122.

[5] See C Roderick, Ch 7 – ‘1891-1892 Sydney, EJ Brady’, in Henry Lawson A Life, Angus and Robertson, 1991; M Clark, Henry Lawson The Man and the Legend, MUP, 1978, pp.58-69.

[6] S Lawson, ADB, Vol 3, MUP, 1969.

[7] ‘Birth of the Bulletin’, The Sun (Sydney), 12 July, 1914, p.11.

[8] P Rolfe, The Journalistic Javelin, Wildcat, 1979, p.21.

[9] Truth, ‘Cause Celebres’, 1 Oct, 1899, p.3. For Argles see his obituary in Freemans Journal, 16 Oct 1886, p.16.

[10] P Rolfe, The Journalistic Javelin, WIldcat, 1979, p.32.

[11] B Mansfield, Australian Democrat, SUP, 1965, p.50.

[12] S Svensen, The Shearers’ War, UQP, 1989, p.260.

[13] Lansbury and Nairn, ‘William Guthrie Spence’, ADB, Vol 6, MUP, 1976.

[14] B Mansfield, ‘EW O’Sullivan’, ADB, Vol 11, MUP,1988.

[15] The detail in this para from ‘John Haynes’, H Radi, ADB, Vol 4, MUP, 1972.

[16] The Protestant Standard, 21 May, 1887, p.7.

[17] B Nairn, ‘William Holman’, ADB, Vol 9, 1983, MUP.

[18] B Nairn, ‘JC Watson’, ADB, Vol 12, 1990, MUP.

[19] L Fitzhardinge, ‘William M Hughes’, ADB Vol 9, 1983.

[20] B Nairn, ‘GS Beeby’, ADB, Vol 7, 1979, MUP.

[21] B Nairn, ‘GM Black’, ADB, Vol 7, 1979, MUP.

[22] P O’Farrell, ADB, Vol 9, MUP, 1893.

[23] P Rolfe, The Journalistic Javelin, Wildcat, 1979, p.74.

[24] Maitland Weekly Mercury, 21 Apr, 1894.

[25] See complete column at ‘Western Standard and Roma Advertiser’ (Qld), 30 March, 1881,    p.4; and discussion at P Rolfe, The Journalistic Javelin, Wildcat, 1979, p.32.

[26] S Meyer, ‘Forging a Nation 1866-1900’, in A Schlesinger Jr, Ed, The Almanac of American       History’, Bison Books, 1983, p.376.

[27] R Schneirov, ‘The Knights of Labor in the Haymarket Era’, in D Roediger & F Rosemont    (eds), Haymarket Scrapbook, Kerr, 1986.

[28] W. Adelman, Haymarket Revisited, for the Unions Labor History Society, 1976, p.15.

[29]  There is considerable ‘Haymarket’ literature. Regarded as definitive is H. David,      The History of the Haymarket, Collier, 1963, from which the un-footnoted quotes have      been taken.

[30] An example, ‘A Whimpering Anarchist’ in New York Herald, 17 July 1884, on Kropotkin.

[31] H. Sears, The Sex Radicals – Free Love in High Victorian America, Regents Press, 1977, p. 139.

[32] Albany Law Journal, 15 May 1886, quoted in W. Adelman, 1976, as above; another two examples are in the New York Times for 5 May 1886 and 14 May 1886 quoted in B. Stevenson, The Ideology of American Anarchism, 1880-1910, PhD thesis, University of Iowa, 1973, pp. 268 and 273: e.g. ‘American soil does not grow such venomous reptiles’.

[33] Fond du Lac (US) Commonwealth, quoted by A. Spies m L. Parson (ed), Famous Speeches of the Eight Chicago Anarchists, Arno, 1969, p. 23. Other examples at pp. 76 and 85, quoted by Parsons; the New York Times on 29 January 1890 suggested someone strangle Johann Most, one fervid orator and writer. William Hearst editorially suggested President McKinley be murdered just before the latter’s assassination in 1901. See David, as above, p. 447. Hearst was not arrested after McKinley’s death, but Emma Goldman, anarchist, was.

[34] Gribble, p. 37.

[35] Gribble, p. 39.

[36] Gribble, pp. 37-44. See for comparable material and anarchist interpretation in J Davidson & B Pateman, Sewing Freedom, AK Press, 2013.

[37] The following notes on Chicago have been adapted from a number of on-line sources, including ‘The Encyclopaedia of Chicago’; the PBS lectures on ‘The American Experience – Chicago, City of the Century’; the essay for the Newberry Collection by H Layson and L Fink, ‘Chicago Workers During the Long Gilded Age’; and an essay by F Schied,‘Education and Working Class Culture: German Workers’ Clubs in Nineteenth Century Chicago’.

[38] Henry George, not an anarchist supporter, in p. 1 editorial,

The Standard [NY], 19 November 1887. See also Connell and Irving, Class Structure in Australian History, Longmans, 1980, pp. 19, 22, and 29 on Berkman.

[39] In January 1892, the Chicago Herald revealed how police had recently raided a public meeting to delude business people, who had recently donated $487,000 in 5 years, ie since May 1886, to ‘wipe out the Reds’, that the payments should continue despite a lack of result in terms of people charged or plots discovered: in L. Parsons, Famous Speeches of the Eight Chicago Anarchists, Arno, 1969, pp. 7-8.

[40] W. Hart, as above, p. 137.

[41] David, as above, p. 410; on Bonfield see C. Ashburgh, Lucy Parsons,

Kerr, 1976, pp. 60-62; the Australian Radical, 27 July 1889; Adelman,   as above, p. 24; on Schaak see C. Jacker, The Black Flag of Anarchy,

Scribner, 1968, p. 108; and Adelman, as above, pp. 15-16; on

attitude of State’s Attorney see Stevenson, as above, p. 260.

[42] Robert Pinkerton in North American Review, vol. 113, quoted in P. Latouche, Anarchy, Everett and Co., 1908, p. 229.

[43] David, as above, p. 436 referring to the USA. See N. Hong, The Anarchist Beast, Soil of Liberty, nd, for a perusal of US magazines during this period.

[44] W. Lee, A History of Police in England, 1901, p. 174.

[45] K. Jeffery, ‘British Army and Internal Security, 1919-1939’ in The Historical Journal, June 1981.

[46] Jeffery, as above, p. 878; the self-defeating nature of this statement is on a par with Richter’s conclusions in his recent D. Richter, Riotous Victorians, Ohio University Press, 1981, p. 16.

[47] Jeffery, p. 878.

[48] R. Deacon, as above, pp. 108-123. A much more realistic account

of the spies of the period 1558-1603 is in M. Burn, The Debatable Land, Hamish Hamilton, 1970.

[49] B. Chapman, Police State, Macmillan, 1971; C. Emsley, ‘French Police in the Nineteenth Century’, History Today, Jan-Feb 1982, p. 25.

[50] For example, N. Dixon, On the Psychology of Military Incompetence in America, Futura, 1979, p. 294; Deacon, as above, p. 123; G. Bryan, The Spy in America, 1943, on Thos. Beach [Le Caron]; also other material on Beach including his memoirs, My Twenty-Five Years in the Secret Service, 1887; S. Bamford, Passages in the Life of a Radical, 2 vols, 1893 (for example, p. 9, vol. 1, and various vol. 2 entries on Oliver the Spy); A. Cobban, Aspects of the French Revolution, Paladin, 1968, esp. ch. 10.

[51] Armed troops were used in 1793 against the London Convention of the Corresponding Society – J. Braunthal, History of the International, 1869-1914, vol. 1, Nelson, pp. 12 and 16; at Peterloo in 1819; in 1848 to guard London from the Chartists – Lee, p. 314; over this period, R. Quinault, ‘Warwickshire Magistracy, c.1830-1870’ in J. Stevenson and R. Quinault (eds), Popular Protest and Public Order, St Martin’s Press, 1975, pp. 195, 199, 200; in 1887 in the ‘Bloody Sunday’ Trafalgar Square attempt to suppress free speech; in 1889 against the London dock strikers – a participant, Mr Symes, to R. Seth in The Specials, 1961, p. 68.

[52] W Childs, Episodes and Reflections, 1930, p.198.

[53] C. Reith, The Blind Eye o£ History, 1952, p. 9; M. Reichard, The Origins of Urban Police: Freedom and Order in Ante-Bellum St Louis, PhD thesis, Washington State University, 1975, describes 1830-1850 as the period of the national development of a recognisably modern police in the USA.

[54] C Reith, as above, p.10.

[55] The Marine Police Establishment for the River Thames had been taken over from largely merchant control in 1800, 2 years after its beginning – Draper, p. 18; on the ‘Blue Army’ see D. Richter, as above, p. 5.

[56] Lee, p. 277.

[57] Lee, p. 278.

[58] H. Greaves, ‘Reactionary England’ in Freedom and the Police, 1936, p. 8; the Riot Act dated from 1715, Richter, as above, p. 9.

[59] J. Belchem, ‘Spy-System in 1848: Chartists and Informers – An Australian Connection’, Labour History (ACT), November 1980, p. 15; and ‘Chartist Informers in Australia: the Nemesis of Thomas Powell’, Labour History, November 1982.

[60] B. Porter, ‘The Freiheit Prosecutions, 1881-1882’,The Historical Journal, 23, 4 (1980), p. 849.

[61] T. Bunyan, The Political Police in Britain, Quartet, 1977, p. 103.

[62] Griffiths, vol. 1, p. 364, fn; see similar remark 1869, by

Commissioner of Metropolitan Police in H. Keating, Sherlock

Holmes – the Man and His World, Thames and Hudson, 1979, p. 37; F. Morn,

The Eye That Never Sleeps: A History of the Pinkertons, PhD thesis,

University of Chicago, 1975, shows slightly different reaction to

similar anti-spy feeling.

[63] Griffiths, vol. 1, p. 365.

[64] M Carr, The Infernal Machine, New Press, 2006, pp.3-4. See also A Bacevich, The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War, OUP, 2013.

[65] J.Longoni, Four Patients of Dr Deibler, Lawrence and Wishart, 1970, pp.170,89.

[66] G. Woodcock, Anarchist Reader, Fontana, 1977, pp. 164, 193.

[67] H. Graham and T. Gurr, History of Violence in America, NY Bantam Books, p. 380, lists 160 ‘interventions’ by troops and police against strikers and demonstrators, 1877 to 1969, in the USA, quoted in J. Becker, Strike, South End Press, 1977, p. 236; in August 1909 more than 150 strikers were executed in Barcelona. There are many other examples, without going to the huge numbers of war deaths.

[68] Another anomaly is that numbers killed by troopers or police were generally uncertain. Casualties after ‘anarchist’ attacks were publicized far and wide.

[69] For example, A. Griffiths, Mysteries of Police and Crime, 2 vols.

[70] ‘The Spy Who Came to Sydney Cove’, Age, 26 January 1979, where Frost sets out Phillip’s intelligence background. See also M Pembroke, Arthur Phillip: Sailor, Mercenary, Governor, Spy, Hardie Grant Books, 2013.

[71] G. O’Brien, The Australian Police Forces, OUP, 1960, p. 13. Certain relevant areas have been only slightly researched: D. Salecich, The Queensland Police Force, 1859-1890, BA (hons) thesis, University of Queensland, 1979; R. Evans, Loyalty and Disloyalty: Social and Ideological Conflict in Queensland During the Great War, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, 1980; AGPS, The Army in Australia 1840-1850: Prelude to the Golden Years, 1980; J. O’Sullivan, Mounted Police of Victoria and Tasmania, Rigby, 1980; J. O’Sullivan, Mounted Police of New South Wales Rigby, nd.

[72] O’Brien, p. 121.

[73] Directions for the Chief Constable, Newcastle, 8 January 1822, NSW Police Department Records, Uncat MSS 224, ML.

[74] O’Brien, p. 19.

[75] Guide to the NSW Archives, Record Group NCS Colonial Secretary, Part II, Correspondence, Archives Authority of NSW, 1972, p. 209.

[76] NSW Police Dept Records, Returns for Years, 1858-59, Uncat MSS 244, ML.

[77] O’Brien, p. 21 and p. 121.

[78] Also 0’Sullivan, 1980, p. 58 for 1852 ‘mob control’ achieved with the flat of troopers’ swords.

[79] E.J. Brady, Two Frontiers, 1944, p. 229. His father was a policeman. This has implications for later events.

[80] Grabosky, p. 76.

[81] K. Knight, History of the NSW Public Service, M.Ec. thesis, University of Sydney, 1955, quoted in S. Encel, ‘The Concept of the State in Australian Polities’, AJPH, May 1960, p. 19.

[82] O’Brien, p. 53.

[83] O’Brien, p. 121.

[84] J. O’Sullivan, 198U, pp. 53, 59, 60-63.

[85] J. O’Sullivan, nd, pp. 58, 68, 107 for NSW.

[86] J. Castieau, Reminiscences of Detective-Inspector Christie, Robertson, nd, pp. 14, 20.

[87] Also Victorian Manual of Police Regulations, 1856, quoted in O’Brien, p. 122.

[88] J. Sadleir, Recollections of a Victorian Police Officer, Penguin Colonial Facsimile, 1973, pp. 207 and 217; see also Sub-Inspector Brown to Chief Commissioner, 2 December 1884, Series 937, Box 149, Police Records, Victorian Public Records Office.

[89] Castieau, as above, pp. 121, 128.

[90] O’Brien, pp. 55 and 120; Castieau, p. 14; Brady, p. 285; and A. Haydon, The Trooper Police of Australia, Melrose, 1911, p. 149.

[91] Haydon, as above, p. 174; see Julian Thomas, ‘The Vagabond’, in The Age, 11 February 1889, for spies at Eureka; R. Carboni, Eureka Stockade, various edns; and Melbourne Herald, 9 June 1897. Telegraphic cipher codes were in use from at least 1880 – Victorian Police Records, PRO.

[92] S Dando-Collins, Sir Henry Parkes The Australian Colossus, Vintage, 2014, p.230.

[93] See Constable P. Fennessy on ‘disloyal utterances’ 13 June 1915, MP16, File 15/3/836, Australian Archives, Brighton. For Queensland, see Detective Smyth, 3 November 1872, to Commissioner, COL/A, 2348/133, Col. Sec. Papers, QSA.

[94] Series 937, Box 515, Victorian Police Records, PRO.

[95] Castieau, as above, p. 73.

[96] Castieau, p. 81.

[97] Truth, 3 January 1892.

[98] See I Cobain, The History  Thieves, Portobello, 2016; Y Ward, Unsuitable for Publication, Black Inc, 2013, are both vital reading here. In both texts Lord Esher ‘government fixer’, is a key protagonist.

[99] B. Barrett, The Civic Frontier, MUP, 1979, for Victoria; D. Johnson, as above, for Queensland.

[100] D Holloway, Hooves, Wheels and Tracks, Regimental Trustees, 1990, p.13.

[101] ‘Defence’ in Australians 1888, Fairfax Syme and Weldon, 1987, illust, p.414.

[102] CM Clark, A History of Australia, Vol 5, MUP, 1981, p.26.

[103] ‘Defence’, Australians 1888, Fairfax, Syme and Weldon, 1987, pp.413-415.

[104] H. Cunningham, The Volunteer Forces 1859-1901, Croom Helm, 1975, p. 1.

[105] C.C. Standish to Chief Secretary, 28 September 1870, ‘Bertini Threat to HRH Duke of Edinburgh, 1870’, No. 10 Bundle 13, Unit 15, Series 1095, Victorian Police Records, PRO.

[106] P94/7 Secret Papers, Item 1172, Victorian PRO.

[107] D. Johnson, Volunteers at Heart: Queensland Volunteer Forces 1860-1901, UQP, 1975.

[108] L. Trainor, ‘British Imperial Defense Policy and the Australian Colonies, 1892-96’, Historical Studies (Melbourne,), April 1970, p.208.

[109] Trainor, 1970, p. 205.

[110] O’Brien, as above, p. 122.

[111] Premier to Police Minister Berry, 29 March 1885 and following; Series 937, Box 149, and ‘Case of Constable James Smith’, Box 152, Series 937, Police Records.

[112] Grabosky, pp. 91-98.

[113] O’Brien, p. 123.

[114] JA Andrews, ‘Australia’s Slums – Melbourne and Thereabouts’; Tocsin, 5 Sept, 1901.

[115] Truth, 20 March 1892; The Argus, 12 March 1892. NSW Archives appear to have only the Enquiry Book of the Detective Branch, 1859-1883, and this is not of much use, being only about missing persons.

[116] See I Cobain, The History Thieves, Portobello, 2016.

[117] Australians Events and Places, 1887, Fairfax, Syme and Weldon, 1987, p.104.

[118] The covert world of ‘special correspondents’ like Sir Donald Wallace, Robert Lawrie Thomson and ‘Morrison of Peking’, all of The Times, requires its own book. See R. Walker, ‘Media and Money, the London Dock Strike of 1889 and the Australian Maritime Strike of 1890’, Labour History, November 1981, p. 41 for some discussion.

[119] For an earlier example, see H. Mayer, Marx and Engels in Australia, Sydney Studies in Politics, Cheshire for APSA, 1964, pp. 6-9 on the establishment of the IWMA in Melbourne.

[120] Age, 11 July 1881. In AR, 7 July 1888 ‘Gyges’ described Winspear’s Australian Radical as the ‘straightest’ paper in Australia.

[121] Holloway, 1990, as above, p.7.

[122] O’Sullivan, 1980, pp. 164-165;  0.Commettant, In the Land of Kangaroos and Gold Mines – a Frenchman’s View of Australia in 1888, Rigby, 1980.

[123] Sydney Morning Herald (SMH), 23 August 1853.

[124] H Parkes, Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History, vol. 1, Longmans, 1892, p. 25.

[125] M. Roe, Quest for Authority, 1835-1851, MUP, 196 5, pp. 91-92.

[126] G. Nadel, Mid-19th Century Political Thought in Australia (NSW-VIC), MA thesis, University of Melbourne, 1950, p. 35.

[127] Nadel, as above, p. 53. See also J. Mudie, The. Felonry of New South Wales, 1837, reprinted A § R, 1965, ‘… ruinous and anarchical policy [of NSW Colonial Govt] … unbridled crime and lawless anarchy …’ p.3.

[128] There is extensive literature on Melbourne in the 1880s – for a recent list and comment see J. Monie, Victorian History and Politics, 2 vols., La Trobe University, 1982, pp. 374-375.

[129] F. Smith, ‘Joseph Symes and the Australasian Secular Association’,

Labor History, November, 1963, p. 34; see also F. Smith, Free Thought and Religion in Victoria, 1870-1890, MA thesis, University of Melbourne, 1960.

[130] G. Woodcock, Anarchism, quoted in D. Johnston, An American Individualist: An Analysis of the Individualist-Anarchism of Benjamin R. Tucker, PhD Thesis, University of New Mexico, 1973, p. 26

[131] Sears, as above.

[132] S. Rowbotham and J. Weeks, Socialism and the New Life, Pluto, 1977.

[133] Donovan was the first ASA secretary, Sinnot, 1982, as above, p. 8. Records of the Eclectic Association of Victoria (from 1866 under various names, at SLV) show Donovan’s involvement there from 5 August 1880 when he was secretary. He contributed papers regularly from 6 January 1881 to 15 January 1891, just 9 months before he died. He is recorded in Launceston attempting to establish a Secularist Society there in 1883 – see Launceston Examiner, 27, 28 November, 1883.

[134] N. Sinnott, Joseph Symes – Flower of Atheism, Atheist Society of Australia,

1977, p. 1. See also N. Sinnott, ‘The Roaring Days of Victorian Unbelief’, Recorder, August, 1982, p. 6.

[135] For example, Liberator, 25 October 1885; Bulletin, 17 October 1885.

[136] Isaac Selby, From Atheism to Christianity, Melbourne, 1890, p. 25 quoted in Sinnott, 1977, p. 14.

[137] See the cover of Liberator, 24 January 1886 and compare with cover of Woodcock’s Anarchism.

[138] J. Martin, Men Against the. State, Myles, 1970, pp. 202-278.

[139] This biographical information from F Smith, ‘Joseph Symes: 1841-1906’, Aust Dict of Biography, Vol 6, MUP,1976.

[140] Rationalist, October 1940.

[141] The Liberator, 22 June, 1884, p.65.

[142] Smith, 1963, p. 31. Sinnot regards The Liberator as ‘one of the largest [in pages?] free thought weeklies ever published’. Sinnott, 1982, p. 9.

[143] For example, ‘Briagalong Notes’, p. 394, 16 May 1886 on the anarchists.

[144] David Andrade and Will Andrade were born 30 April 1860 and 12 October 1863 respectively in Victoria to Abram and Maria da Costa Andrade from Middlesex, England. They supported themselves as salesmen after their father died and took advantage of the Working Men’s College (now RMIT). David married Emily Anders in 1881 and lived at South Yarra near his mother who supported herself as a dressmaker. For other details see S. Merrifield, Recorder, no. 5, March 1965.

[145] D.A. Andrade to Liberty, 20 February 1886.

[146] Later a well-regarded labour organiser, he was born in 1839 in Tasmania and died in 1920 – see E Fry, ‘”Monty” Miller’, ADB, Vol 6, MUP, 1976.

[147] Liberator, p. 390, 16 May 1886.

[148] John William Fleming was born at Derby, in 1863.

[149] J.A. Andrews, Tocsin, 17 October 1901; J. Fleming, ‘Memories of the Boot

Trade’s Early Days’, Unity, 14 March 1938, pp. 10-11, reprinted 16 February 1953, where see comment suggesting Chummy owned 4 houses at his death which seems unlikely.

[150] Liberator, 21 March, 1886.

[151] Liberator, 11 April 1886, p. 313.

[152] ‘Ballarat Notes’, Liberator, p. 116, 27 September 1885; see also Smith, 1963, pp. 34-38.

[153] Albany Law Journal, 15 May 1886, quoted in W. Adelman, 1976, as above; another two examples are in the New York Times for 5 May 1886 and 14 May 1886 quoted in B. Stevenson, The Ideology of American Anarchism, 1880-1910, PhD thesis, University of Iowa, 1973, pp. 268 and 273: e.g. ‘American soil does not grow such venomous reptiles’.

[154] ‘What is Property?’ (1840), in G. Woodcock, 1977, p. 67.

[155] G. Woodcock, Proudhon – His Life and Work, Schocken, 1972, p. 75. Proudhon’s letter to Marx, May 1846, repudiating ‘coup dc main’ in Woodcock, 1977, p. 138.

[156] B. Tucker, State Socialism and Anarchism, 1888, in Woodcock, 1977, pp. 147-148. Max Stirner, a libertarian contemporary of Proudhon, but no follower, had argued for change to transcend the many forms of ‘idolatry and alienation’ including wealth concerns to achieve the state of mind he called ‘ownness’ which placed personal control of one’s own actions, spirit and life, at the pinnacle of aspiration. See R. Miller, Ownness: the Philosophy of Self-Enjoyment, MA, Cambridge, nd, summarised in The Pessimist (Melb), no. 3, March 1983.

[157] G.D.H. Cole, Self-Government in Industry, G. Bell, 1917, pp. 110-11, quoted in B. Russell, Roads to Freedom, Unwin, 1973, p. 126.

[158] D. Chodorkoff, ‘The Utopian Impulse’ in Harbinger, no. 1, 1983, p.22;

See also D McLellan, The Legacy of Marx, BBC Publishing, 1983, pp.53-54.

[159] Dolgoff, as above, Sections II and III.

[160] M. Bakunin in ‘Church and State’ from Woodcock, 1977, p. 82.

[161] As above, pp. 83-85. See Woodcock, 1972, on Proudhon’s similar views, p. 234.

[162] Dolgoff, as above, p. 13. For examples of the opposite view of Bakunin, see C. Friedrich, ‘The Anarchist Controversy Over Violence’, in Zeitschrift Fur Politik, NF 19, 1972, pp. 167, 168, 176.

[163] Dolgoff, as above, p. 150.

[164] D. Stafford, From Anarchism to Reformism, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971, p. 87.

[165] S. Dolgoff (ed), Bakunin on Anarchism, Black Rose, 1980, p. 15;

‘… most groups developed as collectives based on anti-hierarchical, skill-sharing principles …. They did not seek to help women as much as to empower them’, is a 1983 summary of anarcho-feminist activities from Open Road (Vancouver), Spring, 1983, p. 19.

[166] Advertiser (Adelaide), 10 May 1886.

[167] Sydney Morning Herald (SMH), 5 May 1886.

[168] The Age, 18 May 1886 on Thargomindah (Qld) meeting for example.

[169] J. Symes, Liberator, 16 May 1886, p. 385.

[170] The Age, 17 May 1886.

[171] Herald, 17 May 1886.

[172] Liberator, 23 May 1886, p. 401.

[173] DAA, Liberty, 30 October 1886; Our Commonwealth, 18 December 1886; Melbourne Punch, 27 May, 10 June 1886, and 10 February 1887, p. 62; Upham’s response to  The (Melb) Herald, in Herald, 19 May 1886.

[174] Age, 23 October 1886; the Boston Anarchist Club also had chairpersons, but had majority voting which the MAC did not. See Liberty, 22 October 1887; and The Champion, 19 October 1895, p. 139.

[175] AR, 25 February, 1888.

[176] AR, 24 November, 1888, p.4.

[177] Honesty, p. 71.

[178] Honesty, p. 1, p. 33, June 1887; p. 47 (August 1887); p. 74 (February 1888)

[179] J. Quail, The. Slow Burning Fuse, Paladin, 1978, p. 19.

[180] K. Kenafick, ‘The Australian Labour Movement in Relation to War, Socialism and

Internationalism’, Melbourne, typescript, 1957, p. 903.

[181] P. O’Farrell, ‘The Australian Socialist League and the Labour Movement,

1887-1891’, in Historical Studies, May, 1958.

[182] B. Mansfield, ‘William Morris in England and Australia’, in Historical

Studies, November 1956.

[183] Quail, as above, p. 47. See also p. 46 (below) for ‘Gyges’ view of

anarchism; and H. Oliver, The International Anarchist Movement in late-

Victorian London, St Martin’s-Croom Helm, 1983, for more on Seymour.

[184] Quail, p. 48. Bradlaugh, with Annie Besant, had agitated for secularism

through previous decades, but once in parliament had toned down his public

attitudes considerably – see The Rise and Fall of English Freemasonry, on this web-site.

[185] M. Shatz, The Essential Works of Anarchism, Bantam, 1971, p. 125; Martin, as above, p.219.

[186] New York Weekly Herald, 7 September 1892.

[187] Honesty, 5 October, 1887, p.49; Martin, p.219, fn 70.

[188] Quail, as above, p. 49; see also Woodcock, 1962, p. 419.

[189] Also translated by Tucker, this was a Russian episodic novel about strong women redrawing their lives, reprinted 1982, Virago Russian Classic Series. See below, Chapter 10, fn 14.

[190] ‘Anarchy’s Growth in Australia’, Liberty, 15 September 1888; Honesty, no. 3, has a report on the free circulating library as part of the secretary’s Second Half-Yearly Report.

[191] The First Half-Yearly Report is in Our Commonwealth (SA), 18 December 1886.

[192] ‘Give us free banking and all the other steps would follow naturally as a matter of course’, in New York Weekly Herald, 7 September 1892.

[193] Martin, as above, pp. 208, 218.

[194] Honesty, p. 49; for Tucker, ‘State Socialism and Anarchism’ in Woodcock, 1977, p.145.

[195] Liberty, 2 July 1887. The last Andrade communication in Liberty is headed ‘The Gospel in Australia’, 6 October 1894, quoting the Dandenong Express, nd.

[196] Liberty, 10 September 1887.

[197] ‘Debate on State Education’, Liberator, 19 April 1885, p. 746; D. Andrade to Liberty, 30 October 1886.

[198] Liberty,  17 September 1881, quoted in Martin, as above, p. 220.

[199] Liberty,  19 June 1886, quoted in Martin, p. 226.

[200] Liberty, 30 July 1892 at Martin, p. 267.

[201] Debate, ‘Individual Liberty’, Liberator, 25 April 1886.

[202] ‘What is Anarchy?’, lecture to ASA, reprinted Liberty, 28 May 1887, pp. 6-8.

[203] D. Andrade, ‘Anarchy in Australia’, Liberty, 20 February, 1886, p. 8.

[204] Liberator, 18 October 1885.

[205] S. Merrifield, ‘The Melbourne Anarchist Club’, Labor History, no. 2, p. 33

[206] Merrifield Collection, SLV.

[207] Liberty, 3 July 1886.

[208] Liberator, 28 February 1886, p. 218.

[209] Honesty, February 1888, p. 75; Honesty, May 1887, p. 17.

[210] Recorder, vol. 1, no. 5; J.E. Anderton to Commonweal (UK), 28 April 1888; McNamara’s membership card is dated 4 May 1887, Folder ‘ASL, 1880s-1890s’, J.N. Rawlings Collection, ANU Archives.

[211] Commonweal (UK), 9 June 1887.

[212] R Atkinson, ‘Blood on the Hustings’, The Argus (Melb), 23 Nov, 1935, p.8.

[213] ‘Van Diemens Land’, in Adelaide Morning Chronicle, 9 Dec, 1852, p.3.

[214] ‘Conservative Threats’, The Leader (Melb), 28 Feb, 1880, p.2.

[215] Parkes in control, EN, 13 Nov, 18880, p.6; ‘Oxford St trams’, EN, 4 May, 1881, p.4;     Parkes in his cab, EN, 9 March, 1883, p.3; McNamara, EN, 20 April, 1886, p.6.

[216] ‘Cockatoos’ at Evening News, 22 June, 1883, p.3; Bris ‘pursuit’ at EN, 15 Aug, 1883,    p.3; ‘Skeleton Army’, Maryborough Chronicle, 22 Dec, 1885, p.2.

[217] SMH, 11 June, 1887, p.8.

[218] Evening News, 27 August 1887.

[219] B. Mansfield, and P. O’Farrell, as above.

[220] Honesty, November 1887; Hawkesbury Chronicle, 15 October 1887; see David

Andrade’s comments, Honesty, p. 66 and Will Andrade’s, p. 71, both

November 1887.

[221] ‘Our principal opponent’ was Anderton!s description of Symes, as in fn 5; also    Honesty, June 1887, p. 31; attack by McNamara on Symes in AR, 1 May, 1888.

[222] Honesty, October 1887, p. 56,

[223] J. Quail, p. 37.

[224] Born 27 October 1865 – Revolt, no. 1, 1 December 1894, p. 2.

[225] ‘Rivuleth’ pseudonym for B.P. O’Dowd, in Recorder, vol. 1, no. 7; and S. Merrifield, Recorder, vol. 1, no. 6, Victorian Society for the Study of Labor History.

[226] JAA, Tocsin, 5 September 1901 and ‘Societies I Have Been In’, Alexandra and Yea Standard, 18 July to 8 August 1890.

[227] From 10 March, 1888.

[228] Liberator, 24 December 1885, and 3 January 1886, p. 87.

[229] Personal communication to J.N. Rawlings, in Rawlings Papers, ML;

1. Burgmann, ‘The Mightier Pen’, in £. Fry (ed), Rebels and Radicals, Allen and Unwin, 1983, pp. 163-177 for some biographic details.

[230] Twenty-nine dozen Radicals sent to McNamara in September-1 October 1887 Invoice, Folder ‘ASL, 1880s-1890s’, J. Normington-Rawlings Collection, ANU Archives.

[231] Anderton to Commonweal. (UK), 28 April 1888; Radical, 22 October 1887,

245. 245. Hennessy in debate, thought Andrade, Pilter and McNamara wanted ‘no government, no parliament, no landlords, in fact no people’,

Evening News, 17 November 1887.

[232] AR, 3 November, 1888.

[233] AR, 2 March, 1889; Liberty, 15 September, 1888.

[234] AR, 14 July 1889, and Winspear also at AR, 16 June 1888.

[235] Four all told, from March 1886 to April 1888.

[236] AR, 16 June 1888,

[237] Honesty, October 1887, p. 50; Oliver, as above, 1983, p. 47, See also my Conclusion, below.

[238] AR, 23 June 1888.

[239] Anarchy etc., F. Vivian, 1888, Melbourne; Anarchist Trial at Chicago, referred to in D. Andrade to McNamara, 25 June 1888, in ‘Correspondence and Documents 1880s-1890s’, J. Normington-Rawlings Collection, ANU Archives.

[240] Bulletin, 7 April 1888.

[241] Bulletin, 17 March 1888.

[242] Our Good Words, December 1888.

[243] Our Good Words, March 1889; see below for Andrew’s important definition of nihilism.

[244] ‘Nihilism’, AR, 10 November 1888.

[245] ‘Equity’, AR, 22 December 1888.

[246] AR, 12 January 1889,

[247] ‘Societies in Which I Have Been’, Alexandra and Yea Standard, 8 August 1890; other parts 18 and 25 July.

[248] AR, June 1889.

[249] AR, 7 September 1889.

[250] AR, 13, 20, 27 July, 3, 10 August 1889.

[251] AR, 29 June 1889.

[252] See also Richmond Courier, 29 June 1889.

[253] Richmond Guardian, 14 September 1889. References to this meeting being at ‘Emerald Hill’ are using a name for Richmond/South Melbourne dropped in the 1880s.

[254] J.A. Andrews, Tocsin, October-November 1901.

[255] Tracking the Knight’s Australian spoor is difficult at present. Hobart T&LC in Jan, 1887 resolved to follow-up on a letter from the US suggesting the Order would like to set up a branch in Tasmania. Meetings of similar Knights’ initiatives are noted in Melbourne and Adelaide in February, and in New Zealand. All show a keenness to be seen as respectable and to have connections to Single-Tax philosophies as was evident in the US. The Adelaide Assembly approached a local worthy in June suggesting that he stand for the legislature.

[256] V Burgmann, ‘SA Rosa’, Australian Dictionary of Biography Volume 11, MUP, 1988.

[257] ‘Melbourne Notes’, ‘FMP’, AR, 5 January 1889.

[258] See also Andrew’s reports of similar police connivance, for example, AR, 12 January 1889.

[259] W Horton,‘Larry Foley, 1849-1917’, ADB, Vol 4, MUP, 1972.

[260] As with much of his work, Andrews’ observations of the gangs, done at night when he had nowhere to sleep, remain un-mined – see JA Andrews, ‘Australia’s Slums – Sydney and Thereabouts’, Tocsin, 10 Oct, 1901.

[261] M Cannon, ADB, Vol 11, MUP, 1988.

[262] AR, 6 April 1889.

[263] AR, 31 August 1889.

[264] AR, 29 June 1889.

[265] AR, 10 August, 1889.

[266] Liberator, November 1887, p. 440.

[267] Honesty, no. 4, August 1887.

[268] Possibly this is S.A. Rosa (see below) but more probably George Rose of Chapel Street, Windsor, reported importing anarchist literature in Honesty, August 1888, p. 98, and brother-in-law to the Andrades – W.C. Andrade to W.H, McNamara, 15 May 1891, Folder ‘Correspondence and Documents, 1880s-1890s’ , J.N. Rawlings Collection, ANU Archives,

[269] The Age, 4 December 1890, advertised ‘a special meeting’.

[270] See AR, 26 January 1889 for reaction in Sydney ASL to Andrew’s paper ‘On    Revolution’ discussed below.

[271] McNamara to Winspear, 27 July 1889; McNamara to ASL members,1 August 1889 calling meeting to discuss The Radical and other items, in Folder ‘ASL, 1880s-1890s’, J. Normington-Rawlings Collection, ANU Archives.

[272] DATE xxx.

[273] Parkes thought Northumberland people, ie coal mining families, ‘mean spirited’ and ‘ignorant’ and said he wished to spit on them, presumably because they were not sufficiently deferential – A. Martin, Henry Parkes, MUP, 1981, pp. 371 and 372.

[274] Australian Star, 9 October and 16 November 1888.

[275] M Ellis, A Saga of Coal, Angus and Robertson, 1963; J Turner, Coal Mining in Newcastle, 1801-1900, Newcastle History Monograph No 9, 1982; M Shilling, The Story of Lambton, Newcastle Family History Society, 2009; E Tonks, Wallsend and Pelton Colliery, xxx; A McLagan, A History of Newcastle District Trade Unions, Vol 3, 1886-1911, 1953-54, np.

[276] S Dando-Collins, Sir Henry Parkes The Australian Colussus, Vintage, 2014, p.343-4.

[277] J Brown, Anzac’s Long Shadow, Redback, 2014.

[278] Quotes from ‘Between Bourke-street…(to) to conceive of…’ in JA Andrews, Tocsin, 5 September, 1901.

[279] Illustrated Australian News (Melb), 13 Oct, 1888, p.186.

[280] Letters numbered 677-720, in letterbook entitled Reports to Directors and Letters to Mr Binney, from July 1883 to August 1889, Local Studies Section, Newcastle Regional Library.

[281] Bulletin, 29 September 1888. SMH quote included.

[282] R Neumann, Zaharoff The Armaments King, Readers Union, Allen & Unwin, 1938; R Perman, The Man Who Gave Away His Island: The Life of John Lorne Campbell of Canna, xxx; W Manchester, The Arms of Krupp,xxx; G Davenport, Zaharoff: High Priest of War, 1934; A Sampson, The Arms Bazaar, 1977.

[283] G Chin, Chapter 14 ‘Nordenfelt Machine Guns’, in The Machine Gun: History, Evolution..(etc), Bureau of Ordnance, Dept of (US) Navy, 5 vols, 1951, from p.110. (available on line Sept, 2016)

[284] Australian Star, 12 November, 16 November 1888.

[285] Australian Star, 18 and 22 December 1888; 18 April 1889; the Windeyer judgement quoted by W.E. Abbott, pastoralist, at height of the 1891 ‘troubles’ in a letter to the (Sydney) Daily Telegraph, 25 July 1891.

[286] ‘Royal Commission on Alleged Tampering with Letters of John Deasey, MP (County Mayo) 1889’, Col. See’s Special Bundles, 4/887.4, New South Wales Archives. This case paralleled the Mazzini case in England in 1844 – The Rise and Fall of English Freemasonry.

[287] SMH, 23 May 1889.

[288] ‘More Protection Ruffianism’, Evening News,28 Jan, 1899, p.4.

[289] Reference by B Kingston to Black’s ‘History of the NSW Political Labour Party’, 1918, in her The Oxford History of Australia, Vol 3, 1860-1900, OUP, 1988, p.252.

[290] Australian Star, 1 October 1889.

[291] Australian Star, 5 September 1889.

[292] Australian Star, 9 September 1889.

[293] From a similar editorial, Australian Star, 29 October 1889.

[294] M Walsh, ‘A Relentless World-wide Pursuit of Mammon’, SMH, 31 August, 1987. Also see ‘The Crisis of 1890’, Economic Journal, March 1891, p.192.

[295] M Walsh, ‘Auction Tension Turns Political’, SMH, 5 Oct, 1987.

[296] Bird O’ Freedom, 12 Sept, 1891, p.3.

[297] S. Rosa, ‘The Truth About the Unemployed Agitation of 1890’, September 1890. See Also A. Serle, ‘The Melbourne Unemployed Movement of 1890’, Recorder, no. 70 (Supplement), June 1974.

[298] Chief Secretary, Police Department, 1890, Series 1189, File P7511, ‘Unemployed Agitation’.

[299] This is no new strategy, contrary to what Serle suggests.

[300] Liberator, 9 August 1890.

[301] The Age, 14 July 1890, reported no shortage of ‘novice speakers’ prepared to address the crowd.

[302] J.A. Andrews, Tocsin, 19 October 1901; L.L. Kelly to Labor Call, 30 March 1933 and Fleming response Labor Call, 6 April 1933. See exchange Fleming and THC President, 27 October 1890, Deposit T5 [VOBU] Series 1, no. 3, ANU Labor and Business Archives. Rosa later described Trenwith as the ‘most unscrupulous opponent’ of he and others trying to organise the 1890 unemployed – letter to Tocsin, 1 September 1898.

[303] Argus, 18 August 1890.

[304] Barrier Miner, 8 July, 1890.

[305] SMH, I September, 1890.

[306] NMH, 8 September, 1890.

[307] Australian Star, 21 August 1890.

[308] Australian Star, 26 August 1890.

[309] Minute No. 36, 26 August 1890 to Executive Council, Col. Sec’s Minutes and Memoranda, 1890, NSW Archives, in Government Gazette as No. 19778.

[310] Australian Star, 27, 28, 29, 30 August 1890.

[311] Australian Star, 29 August, 1 September 1890.

[312] As one example, E.J. Brady’s dismissal, Truth, 14 September 1890, quoting The People;   but see Ch. 6, for further discussion of this example.

[313] Brady to Brother Carroll, 21 October 1946, ‘Personalia’ MS206, ANL.

[314] EJ Brady, ‘Why I Am A Socialist’, Pt. II, 8 October 1910, International Socialist; Truth editorial, 14 September 1890, p. 2. For Brady’s father, see G. Davison, ‘Sydney and the Bush: An Urban Context for the Australian Legend’, Historical Studies, October 1978, p. 203.

[315] The first quote is from ‘Why I Am A Socialist’, Pt. II, 8 October 1910, International Socialist; Truth editorial, 14 September 1890, p. 2. For Brady’s father, see G. Davison, ‘Sydney and the Bush: An Urban Context for the Australian Legend’, Historical Studies, October 1978, p. 203.

[316] A double execution he refers to in a letter to Muir Holborn, 21 August 1944, ML, as marking the end of his militant phase occurred in early 1893 – NSW Statistical Register, 1893. The details of Brady’s personal life over this period are too complex to go into here.

[317] Chapter 4, ‘Red Objective’, MS206, ANL.

[318] ‘Pimp and Renegade’, AW 28/8/1897, p.2. Authorship of this material is discussed below.

[319] AW, 23 September 1890.

[320] AW, 6 December 1890; Brisbane Worker, 7 February 1891.

[321] Brady to Bro. Carroll, as above.

[322] Brady to Bro Carroll, as above. The ‘position’ could also be ASL Secretary.

[323] Part 8 of ‘For the Cause’ on the labor movement generally, The Field, from internal evidence dated 1897, in Brady’s papers, ANL. Identical pars in numerous country NSW papers re ‘autobiographical’ material, 18^th or 19^th August, 1899, eg, Dungog Chronicle, 18 Aug, 1899.

[324] Australian Workman (AW), 27 December 1890, also published as ‘A Vision of the Future’ in Brisbane Worker, 7 March 1891.

[325] George Black was a founder member. About 50 attended the first meeting. AW, 6 December 1890, 24 October 1891, and (Brisbane) Worker, 1 February 1891. It was never amalgamated with the TLC, see ‘For the Cause’ article, as above.

[326] ‘Ned’ in Working Man’s Paradise is Jack Meehan, AWU organiser – see Brady’s description in ‘Odd Men Out’ (Arthur Rae, Jack Meehan), MS206, Series 12(h), ANL; see also an untitled, incomplete manuscript in his papers, MS206, ANL; Wm Lane to J. Fitzgerald on Meehan, 24 March 1891, Fitzgerald Correspondence, MSQ250, Dixon Library. Ernie Lane’s much later views on anarchism at Dawn to Dusk, p. 74; he was an influential member of the Social Democratic Vanguard after his return from Paraguay. He hoped New Australia would become ‘a powerful communist state with a disciplined army’ – Dawn to Dusk, p. 48.

[327] Dawn to Dusk, pp. 29 and 37. One is reminded of Spence’s fears, of ‘civil war’, W. Spence, Australia’s Awakening, Worker Trustees, 1909, p. 147.

[328] Letter EJ Brady to ‘Barnes’, 5 Sept, 1944, in JN Rawlings Collection, N57/220 – ‘E J Brady’ Folder, ANL.

[329] ‘On Active Service’, Tocsin, 17 May to 19 July 1900; ‘Spiders’, MLMSS2184/16, John Dwyer Collection, ML.

[330] See entries in ADB, various volumes, MUP, for these quotes and references.

[331] C. Pearl, Wild Men of Sydney, A § R, 1980, p. 72, quoting unnamed source.

[332] Andrews to Truth, 22 November 1891; see A. Crockett to McNamara, nd but 1889, on Rosa’s ‘obnoxious’ Christian Socialism preventing co-operation on a Melbourne paper in the Folder, ‘Transcribed Correspondence to McNamara, 1888- 1891’, J. Normington-Rawlings Collection, ANU Archives.

[333] R McMullin, Light on the Hill: The Australian Labor Party, 1891-1991, OUP, 1991, Ch 1 – ‘The Ballot is the Thing’.

[334] Australian Star, 4 September 1890.

[335] Australian Star, 6 and 8 September 1890.

[336] Truth, 21 September 1890; Australian Star, 20 September 1890; the Daily Telegraph,      19 September 1890.

[337] For Andrews see Tocsin articles, Appendix 1; for J.D. Fitzgerald see Daily Chronicle (UK) interview, 30 October 1890, MSQ89, Dixon Library.

[338] Australian Star, 20 September 1890; Truth, 16 June 1891, p. 5;

Table Talk, 19 September 1890.

[339] Truth, 24 October 1890, p. 4.

[340] Trail’s claim in Parliament, NSW Debates, 1st Series Vol. XLVIII, p. 3922 and Willis    about Bruce Smith, in Truth, 28 September 1890, p. 3.

[341] JT Lang, ‘Inside Politics’, Truth, 14 Nov, 1954.

[342] W. Spence, 1909, p. 138.

[343] Spence thought no military were involved.

[344] Compare Ernie Lane’s version, Dawn to Dusk, p. 24 with R. Gollan, Radicalism and Socialism in Eastern Australia, 1860-1910, PhD thesis, Australian National University, 1958, p. 206.

[345] For example, Newcastle Morning Herald, 20 September 1890.

[346] For example, Australian Star, 19 and 20 September 1890.

[347] Australian Star, 20 September 1890.

[348] A. Martin, as above, p. 398.

[349] Australian Star, 22 September 1890.

[350] Truth, 19 October 1890, p. 4.

[351] Age, 15 July 1889; Bulletin, 13 July 1889, p. 5; Argus, 6 July, 8 July, 15 July 1889.

[352] Australian Star, 5 October 1889.

[353] Freemans Journal, 11 Oct 1890, pp.16-17.

[354] Australian Star, 1 October 1890; see also Brisbane Worker, 1 November 1890; Table       Talk, 31 October 1890.

[355] Australian Star, 30 October, 1890.

[356] ‘Matters At Wollongong’, Evening News, 16 October, 1890, p.6.

[357] Available in many places, one is Brisbane Worker, 18 October 1890, p. 2.

[358] J.A. Gordon’s account in ‘With the Military’, Alexandra and Yea Standard, 5 Sept,1890. See also a follow-up editorial by Gordon at 3 October, 1890, p.2. See Andrews’ version, Tocsin, 15 August 1901, p. 1; see also, ‘On the Verge of Revolution’, Tocsin, 31 May 1900.

[359] Australian Star, 20 September 1890.

[360] Australasian, 27 September 1890, p. 602.

[361] ‘Col. Tom Price’, Vic Parlt. Debates, Leg. Assembly, 7 October 1890 and Papers Presented to Parliament, 7 October 1890.

[362] General Orders, Victorian Military Forces, 357, 30 August 1890, Australian War Memorial, Canberra.

[363] Melbourne Herald, 23, 24, 27 October 1890, and 25 September; Argus, 27, 29 September,   23 October 1890; Age., 24 and 25 October 1890; Australasian, 25 October 1890.

[364] ‘Col. Tom Price’, Vic Parlt. Debates, Leg. Assembly, 7 October 1890. Price wrote asking for an enquiry to clear his name on 8 October – see MP 106, File 99/4097,   ‘Transcript of Enquiry Lt. Col. Tom Price’ Australian Archives, Brighton [see fn 34] .

[365] Colonel Knollys on the occasion of the Trafalgar Square Riots quoted in Truth, 28       September 1890, p. 3. See examples in Ch. 3.

[366] Price to Tulloch, 27 September 1890, quoted in Argus, 29 September 1890, p. 5,    and Truth, 12 October 1890, p. 1.

[367] Price to Deakin in interview, Alfred Deakin Papers, 1540/9/259, ANL. See reports of a previous example, Truth, 24 April 1891, of mounted and foot police inflicting     ‘some severe wounds’ on demonstrating unemployed in Sydney in May 1860. See   also C. Coulthard-Clark, ‘The Military As Strikebreakers’, Pacific Defense    Reporter, May 1981, p. 72.

[368] Tulloch to Defence Department, 27 September 1890, quoted in Argus, 29 September   1890, p. 5.

[369] Gordon to Enquiry, see Australasian, 25 October 1890.

[370] Alexandra and Yea Standard, 10 October 1890; note that Gordon and Andrews met     some years later for an amicable chat – see J.A. Andrews, Tocsin, 15 August 1901;      see also Australasian, 25 October 1890; see Age, 7 October 1890 advertisement     for meeting of communist-anarchists.

[371] Argus, 31 October 1890, discussed in J Rickard, Class and Australian Politics, ANUP, 1976, p.35.

[372] Alexandra and Yea Standard, 8 August 1890.

[373] For example, Age, 25 August 1890. Unpublished police reports specifically   contradict newspapers’ claims of striker ‘outrages’, e.g. Sergeant King,     28    August, Constable Seelan, 29 August 1890, both in Series 937, Box 513, PRO.

[374] As for fn 9; 27 August 1890.

[375] Professor Pearson, then in the Ministry, in a 5 September article in Spectator (UK) quoted in J. Tregenza, Professor of Democracy, MUP, 1968.

[376]  Compare Tregenza with W. Murdoch, Alfred Deakin, Constable, 1923, p. 131;              W.G. Spence, Australia’s Awakening, Worker Trustees, 1909, p. 141; Sadleir,          1973, pp. 261-264; J. La Nauze, Alfred Deakin, vol. 1, MUP, 1965, p. 132 fn,        quoting Argus, 11 November 1906.

[377] La Nauze, as above, p. 132 fn.

[378] Confidential Memo, Chomley to Supt. Ryall, Sandhurst, as one example, 19    August 1890, in Chief Secretary, Series 939, Box 513, ‘Shipping Strike,     1890’.

[379] Age, 30 August 1890.

[380] Sadleir, as above.

[381] (Melbourne) Herald, 3 September 1890, p. 2.

[382] Nicolson to Gillies, 5 September 1890, Premiers Dept., Inward Correspondence, PB682, PRO.

[383] MP106, file 1890/2857, Victorian Dept. of Defence, Inward Corresp. Files, Australian Archives, Brighton.

[384] General Order 333, 12 August 1890, at War Memorial Archives, Canberra.

[385] Sydney’s Table Talk, 12 September 1890 gives Hare as the second magistrate. I believe this is incorrect, and that it was Nicolson initiating the enquiry.

[386] The Police Magistrate’s enquiry has not been sighted and no date is provided by Tulloch.

[387] The Instructions for the Guidance of Magistrates, Constables and Others With Regard to the Suppression of Riots used in both Melbourne and Sydney.

[388] Age, 4 November 1890. Note that the file 99/4097, MP 106, ‘Transcript of Inquiry – Lt. Col. Tom Price’ does not contain the Inquiry’s Report and does not have any transcript of evidence. No copy of the Report appears to have survived. It was not tabled in parliament since the government had fallen in the meantime; and transcripts of evidence could not be checked against newspaper reports.

[389] Victorian Defence Dept., Inward Correspondence Register, MP371/7, Australian      Archives, Brighton.

[390] Tulloch to Secretary of Defence, 6 November 1890, MP106, File No. 1890/3395, Australian Archives, Brighton.

[391] Secretary of Defence to Crown Solicitor, 13 November 1890, MP106, File No. 1890/3395.

[392] Crown Solicitor to Secretary of Defence, 17 November 1890, MP106, File No. 1890/3395.

[393] Tulloch to Collins, 30 December 1890.

[394] Collins to Tulloch, 31 December 1890.

[395] Tulloch to Collins, 6 March 1891.

[396] The Aust Town and Country Journal, 28 Feb, 1891, p.11.

[397] The Northern Miner (Charters Towers, Qld), 18 Feb, 1891, p.3.

[398] S Svensen, The Shearers War, UQP, 1989, p.40.

[399] Julian Stuart, in AW, 16 March, 1937.

[400] G Souter, ADB, Vol 9, 1983.

[401] G Souter, ADB, Vol 9, 1983; Svensen, 1989, pp.223-229.

[402] Courier Mail (Bris), 7 May, 2016.

[403] See editorial matter in AW, Oct, 1890, and in other papers for same period.

[404] See M Cannon, That Damned Democrat, MUP, 1981, p.8 for one possible scenario involving Norton.

[405] M Rutledge, ADB, Vol 12, MUP, 1990.

[406] B Nairn & M Rutledge, ADB, Vol 8, MUP, 1988.

[407] E Campion, ADB, Vol 12, MUP, 1999.

[408] C.M. Clarke, A History of Australia, Vol. V, p. 80.

[409] For example, the Federation of Australian Co-operative Associations discussing a Peoples Bank, AW, 7 February 1891.

[410] Stanley at Sunday Times, 23 August 1891, cutting in J.W.Rawlings Collection, ANU Archives, Box ‘Press Cuttings – 1890-1911’.

[411] Brady Papers,   MS206, ANL.

[412] This was a struggle in itself, appointed 1 August 1891, seated a month later.     See Daily Telegraph, 4 September 1891, NSW TLC Minutes, 3 September 1891.

[413] See Sydney papers at 23 February, 1891.

[414] Quote from SMH, 24 Feb, 1891, p.4; other information from SMH, 20 Feb, 1891, p.3 and AW, 21 Feb, 1891, p.3.

[415] J.A. Andrews, ‘Anarchism and the Social Movement in Australia’, L’Humanite Nouvelle,    1898 (translated 1983).

[416] Schellenberg, as above; Truth, 17 May 1891.

[417] Full version at The Worker (Syd), 4 May, 1904.

[418] ‘With Swag and Billy’, Tocsin, 26 July to 20 September 1900 in 6 parts.

[419] George Black, History of the Political Labor Party in NSW from its Conception to 1917, 1926-28, p. 23.

[420] Tom Batho (‘The Vag’) in Random Ramblings, Peoples Print, nd, p. 7.

[421] Dawn to Dusk, p. 31; for Brady see MS206, Series 12(h),’Odd Men Out’. Lane remembers Andrews fondly.

[422] W. Andrade to McNamara, 15 May 1891.

[423] Daily Telegraph, 15 April 1891; Schellenberg, as above, details a letter he wrote to the Queensland government.

[424] J. Schellenberg, ‘News from Australia’, Commonwealth (UK), 12 December 1891; A.G. Yewen to McNamara, 14 May 1891, J. Normington- Rawlings Collection, ANU Archives. Note on McNamara’s mail is in JNR Collection in Mitchell Library

[425] DT, 9 May, 1891.

[426] National Advocate (Bathurst), 16 May, 1891, p.2; compare with reports at SMH, Evening   News, and Newcastle Morning Herald, all 13 May, 1891, and Aust Star, 12 May, 1891,      p.3.

[427] SMH, 19 May, p.2; Freemans Journal, 23 May, 1891, p.14.

[428] Ch. 6, ‘The Red Objective’, Brady Papers, ANL.

[429] Quoted in F. Browne, They Called Him Billy, Huston, 1946, p. 22.

[430] Parkes has been credited – Table Talk, 22 May 1891.

[431] AW, 11 July 1891.

[432] AW, 18 July 1891.

[433] AW, 7 March 1891, p. 4.

[434] AW, 14 February, 28 February 1891.

[435] EJ Brady, quoting Lane to un-named correspondent, 17 Dec, 1944, in ‘EJ Brady folder’, in JN Rawlings Collection, ANL. The hostility generated by Rosa persisted – see the George Black-edited The Worker, 21 May, 1904.

[436] Truth, letter from Brady, 15 November 1891, p. 5.

[437] ‘Big Men Scrapbook’, MS206, Series 12(h), Brady Papers, ANL.

[438] ‘Big Man Scrapbook’, Brady Papers, MS206, Series 12(h), ANL.

[439] Dawn to Dusk, pp. 42-43.

[440] Injured in a Melbourne railway quarry accident, probably in 1890, he recovered but his withered arm was irreparably damaged in the fight, see Andrews in Tocsin, 6 June 1901.

[441] AW, 5, 19 and 26 December 1890 (3 items); reference there includes one to Italian conservative papers calling his activities ‘anarchist’ while the TLC welcomed them. See The Socialist, 23 March 1907 to 18 January 1908 for items on Sceusa before his return to Italy, and International Socialist Review, 4 January 1908, pp. 8-14 for biography.

[442] Australian Workman, 9 May, 1891, p.2.

[443] ‘The Vote of Thanks Debate’, L Cronin (ed), Henry Lawson Complete Works, Vol 1 A Camp-Fire Yarn, Landsdowne, 1984, p.149.

[444] AW, 2 October 1891, p. 4; Andrews in 1898 described ‘the Workman as first socialist, later anarchist’ but that ‘was the personal bias of the editor’ as above, L’Humanite Nouvelle, 1898.

[445] ‘Man at the Margin’, AW, 24 October 1891. A September contributor, ‘Salmagundi’ had disapproved of Single Taxers and anarchists ‘running a joint combination’, AW, 19 September 1891.

[446] AW, 10 October 1891; Brady commented the ASL was not the only socialist group around.

[447] Sinclair to Brady, 26 October 1891, Brady Papers, MS206, Series 7, ANL.

[448] Truth, 22 November 1891.

[449] No doubt an ironic reference to a secretive European revolutionary group.

[450] AW, 14 November 1891.

[451] AW, 21 November 1891.

[452] Truth, 15 November 1891.

[453] Truth, 22 November 1891.

[454] I can find no mention of this group in any histories of the Haymarket unless it is the Lehr und Wehr Verein. It seems unlikely that Parsons would give himself up without a fight if he had organised 1,500 soldiers for just such an emergency. Also, how could they drill without being discovered? And Parsons spoke no German.

[455] Truth, 22 November 1891.

[456] Truth, 15 November, 22 November.

[457] Truth, 7 February 1892. Another item quotes Rosa saying that he refused to work manually because he hated to put money in capitalists’ hands. Historians have accepted parts of the story at face value.

[458] Humphrey McQueen’s A New Britannia, Penguin (1970) and UQP (2004) equates real ‘socialism’ with Marx’s visions – see Chapter on ‘Socialists’ espec.

[459] Truth, 13 March 1892.

[460] See a contemporary report at Newcastle Morning Herald, 3, 6 Sept, 1892.

[461] C Pearl, Wild Men of Sydney, Universal Books, 1970 (orig 1958), p.70.

[462] AW, 26 March 1892.

[463] Truth, 31 January 1892.

[464] AW, 5 December 1891.

[465] Truth, 27 March 1892.

[466] For detail on the Scheme see Australian Herald, Rev. Charles Strong’s Newsletter, from April 1892.

[467] AW, 22 August 1891.

[468] C & WA, Supplement, 16 April 1892.

[469] DAA file – Crown Lands Office.

[470] See Evening News, 12 Feb, 1892 ‘The Origins of the Panic’ for a useful summary.

[471] Brisbane Worker, 2 July 1892, Truth, 17 July 1892; see editorial on Sydney May Day      demonstration organised ‘by the ASL’ in (Melbourne) Truth, ‘Advocate of Religion and Temperance’, June 1892.

[472] SMH, 2 May 1892; the crowd of 2,000 (6,000 according to Hummer, 7 May 1892) heard Petrie, G. Waite, Brown, Sinclair, Kohen, Mitchell, Burgess, Daniels. That night a further meeting in the ASL rooms was ‘largely attended’ and addressed by Black, Holman, Higgs, Cohen [Kohen], Rae, Weber and others, Hummer, 7 May 1892.

[473] F. Rosemont, ‘Free Play and No Limit’, in Surrealism and its Popular Accomplices, F. Rosemont (ed), City Lights, 1980, p. 9.

[474] Richmond Guardian, 4 June 1892; Hummer, 18 June, 2 July; C & WA, 18 June, pp. 2, and 3 (3 items); Brisbane Worker, 16 July; Melbourne Herald, 1 August 1892; Truth, 26 June 1892, ‘The Salvage Corps’.

[475] Fleming in Hummer, 18 June 1892; Truth, 12 June 1892.

[476] Police reports quoted in G. Davison, The Rise and Fall of Marvellous Melbourne, 2 vols, PhD thesis, Australian National University, 1969, vol. 2, pp. 494, 509-513. Wardley continued surveillance duties pf Fleming and others into the twentieth century. McNamara and Henderson are named in newspaper reports of the agitation, as is Passmore Edwards, styled secretary of the Unemployed Organised Committee and National Labor Exchange. The status of these titles is very dubious. I do not know what a ‘bob’ is – perhaps a deliberate misprint for ‘bomb’.

[477] Melbourne Herald, 12 and 21 July 1892; Liberator, 13 August 1892; Brisbane Worker, 20 August 1892; Tocsin, 31 May 1900; White, aged 72, was. jailed for 3 months in February 1893 for stoning a bank window, C & WA,

18 February 1893.

[478] Book Review, C & WA, 1 June 1892; ‘Australia’s Slum’s’, Tocsin, 29 August to 7 November 1901.

[479] AW, 13 February 1892.

[480] ‘King Working Man’, Melbourne Punch, March 1892.

[481] Argus, 8 March, 9 March and 12 March 1892; see below for more on this point.

[482] C & WA, 19 March 1892; Rosa was also addressing the unemployed, Hummer, 2 April 1892, which paper suggested his imminent return

[483] Hummer, 16 April 1892; Truth, 10 April 1892; Andrews in Tocsin,

17 October 1901; Best is described by Rickard as having ‘a liberal reputation’, as above, p. 87, despite he, Best, reportedly saying, ‘agitators of the Fleming-type should be stamped out like rabbits’. He accused the PPL of choosing ‘anarchists, incendiaries and men of the Rosa-stamp’, C & WA, 2 April 1892.

[484] C & WA, 19 and 26 March 1892.

[485] Argus, 6 April 1892.

[486] Age, 16 April 1892.

[487] Hummer, 7 May 1892; C. Williams, Brief History of May Day Celebrations, Merrifield Collection, La Trobe Library, VSL.

[488] C & WA, 14 May 1892. The man dismissed as drunk and incompetent, Norton, was corresponding with McNamara – see one survival 18 May, 1892, JNR Collection, ANU Archives.

[489] Brisbane Worker, 21 May 1892.

[490] This did not stop his campaign opponents describing him as a ‘demagogue and firebrand’. Richmond Guardian, 2 April 1892.

[491] Fleming in Hummer, 11 June 1892; see also C & WA, 19 March and 11 June and Hummer, 18 June 1892.

[492] Bulletin, 7 May 1892.

[493] The first article in the first issue is on the Haymarket affair, and the part quoted is in Issue No. 1.

[494] Truth, 12 June 1892; Bulletin, 31 March 1900, for some of Andrews’s inventions,   including his printing techniques.

[495] Government proclamations attempting to cow the miners had appeared from around 7 July 1892, Col. See’s Records, Minute No. 31, 7 July 1892, NEC/1, 4/1588, NSW Archives.

[496] Brisbane Worker, 18 June 1892. Another source is a Ravachol article from France in Truth, 22 May 1892.

[497] Table Talk, 15 December 1893 says Bird 0’Freedom, Sunday Times and Referee. were all from the same office. For Brady, AW, 2 April 1892.

[498]  V Burgmann, ‘M E B McNamara, 1853-1921,’ ADB, Vol 10, MUP, 1986.

[499] J.A. Andrews, 1898. His reference in 1892 (above) to a spread network matches later information.

[500] H Buggy, The Real John Wren, Widescope, 1977, p.16, p.22.

[501] Aukland mtg, in Northern Mining Register (Charters Towers, Qld), 18 Sept, 1891, p.8; Knts resolutions in AW, 28 Nov, 1891, p.4; Knts at Wagga, Evening News, 5 Jan, 1891, p.6; Head ref The Worker, 30 April, 1891; Vic Knts in The Age, 18 July, 1891, p.10.

[502] He was teaching children the Marseillaise; Hummer, 6 and 13 February 1892.

[503] Hummer, 23 and 30 April 1892.

[504] Brisbane Worker, 23 May 1892. Lawson also made short country bursts, D. Prout, The Grey Dreamer, Seal, 1973, p. 97.

[505] Hummer, 9 July 1892; Shearers Record, 15 September 1892. She made her first speech to the Leigh House crowd in May, AW, 28 May 1892. From May to September Petrie debated social change with Bob McCook, a Georgeist in the Hummer and the (Sydney) Worker when the name changed; Hummer, 21 May 1892, p. 1.

[506] (Brisbane) Worker, 23 January 1892; see also Truth, 30 August 1891, p. 5, and (Brisbane) Worker, 20 February 1892.

[507] Truth, 7 February 1892. The Workman of 23 January reported the TLC refusing to seat him as an FEU delegate-, AW, 6 February 1892.

[508] AW, 6 February 1892.

[509] ‘Man at the Margin’, AW, 24 October 1891; ‘Bombs and Bombast, Revolution and Roguery’, Sunday Times(Sydney), 10 December 1892. None of the Sunday Times items has been sighted in their original form.

[510] Truth, 17 July 1892 for pre-publicity and Australian Star, 19 July 1892 for report of Stanley speech at Leigh House on need to purify and reform ‘the party’, ‘Parasites of the Labor Movement’.

[511] AW, 21 May 1892.

[512] AW, 12 November 1892.

[513] AW, 31 December 1892 and 21 January 1893. Ravachol was tried first on dynamite charges, then tried and executed for murder.

[514] AW, 15 October 1892.

[515] ‘John Miller’ in Brisbane Worker, 9 April 1892, p. 2. For conflicting opinion in French radical circles about Ravachol, see J. Longoni, Four Patients of Dr Deibler, Lawrence and Wishart, 1970, ch. 2, especially p. 39.

[516] E Lane, Dawn to Dusk, pp. 44-45.

[517] ‘Cervus Wright’ in Truth, 13 March 1892, quoted in Brisbane Worker, 19 March 1892.

[518] Queanbeyan Age 27 Feb, 1892, p.3

[519] Henry Lawson, ’Pursuing Literature in Australia’, in L Cantrell (ed), Writing of the Eighteen Nineties, UQP, 1977, p.4.

[520] Singleton Argus, 24 September, p.2.

[521] Evening News, 17 July, 1892, p.3

[522] ML, MSS 372/2 Pt V.

[523] For Rochaix, including refs to his re­capturing French escapees from New Caledonia see – MSQ283, Item 7, and MSQ 250, Chomley to Fosberry, 27 January 1892, J.D. Fitzgerald Papers, Dixon Library; correspondence 28 July 1978 from NSW Inspector of Police.

[524] Maitron’s history provides four brief mentions of Ricard substantiating the dates in the translation about his prison term and release in 1885, J. Maitron (ed), Histoire du Mouvemente Anarchiste en France, 1951,

203. 154, 155, 156, 203.

[525] There is no certainty that the letter was to Andrews. There are postcards from France in his papers without throwing any more light on his connections overseas. In the Merrifield Collection, there are French, Portuguese and Spanish language papers which are probably Andrews’s.

[526] i) Series of Tocsin articles, ‘On Active Service’, 17 May to 19 July 1900. ii) A handwritten, unpublished ‘Spiders’ in the John Dwyer Collection, ML MSS 2184/16. Some integration of fragments has been necessary. Interestingly, four stories of political conspiracies, by persons mentioned in this study, appeared in 1892-1894: Price Warung’s, ‘Secret Society of the Ring’, Bulletin, 9 April-21 May 1892; his ‘The Strike of ’95’, AW, 18 February-29 April 1893; Rosa’s, The Coming Terror, Sydney, 1894; D.A. Andrade’s, The Melbourne Riots, Andrade, 1892.

[527] Tocsin, 7 June 1900. See section in ‘Spiders’ which begins ‘… a policy of terrorism and personal violence tends to throw society backwards …’

[528] Dawn to Dusk, p. 31, Tocsin, 28 June 1900. SMH, 8 September 1892 for seamen’s union destroying one; and earlier Brisbane Worker, 18 April 1891 for ‘a seditious dodger from the bush’. See Brisbane Worker, 1 October 1892, p. 4, for mention of a poster on the wharves in 1890.

[529] AW, 4 July 1892.

[530] (Sydney) Worker (previously the Hummer), 24 September 1892.

[531] M Rutledge, ADB, Vol 7, MUP, 1979.

[532] SMH, 10 September 1892, Col. See’s Special Bundle 4/904, ‘Broken Hill Strike, 1892’, NSW Archives; for sentencing of Strike Committee, see C & WA, 5 November 1892.

[533] B Matthews, ADB, xxx

[534] G. Black, History of the NSW Labor Party from Its Inception to Now, 1917, p. 22.

[535] For Holland in chair, see International Socialist Review, 23 January 1909; for Horkins, see I.Weiner With Banner Unfurled, Hale and Iremonger, 1982, pp. 117-118, where also see references to Hart, Flowers and Hepher.

[536] Truth, 25 September 1892; for reporters’ accounts of the 20 September meeting itself, see SMH, 20 and 21 September, Aust Star, 21 September 1892. See Dawn to Dusk, p. 42.

[537] (NSW) Col. Sec, Inward Correspondence, 20002 for 13 February 1893. Justice, 24 February and 24 March, 1894 both refer to ‘informer J.T. Browne’.

[538] Brisbane Worker & The Worker (Wagga), 8 October 1892, p. 2.

[539] S.S. Hauroto, steerage from Wellington, Inwards Passenger List, Reel 511,   September-October 1892, NSW Archives. Last Wellington references to him in      Australian newspapers Truth, 18 September 1892 and (Sydney) Worker, 8 October       1892, p. 2. Letter Desmond to Sir G. Grey from Sydney, now in Grey Collection,      Auckland Public Library, also fits.

[540] Palestine, Mexico, New Zealand and Arizona are suggestions about where Desmond died     that Julian Stuart reports he has heard, Australian Worker, 11 May 1927, p. 13.

[541] Julian Stuart’s reminiscences in Australian Worker, 23 June 1927; see also, J. Stuart, Part of the Glory, Australasian Book Society, 1967, p. 100.

[542] H. Roth, ‘Te Kooti’s Friend Desmond’, New Zealand Monthly Review,

August 1960, p. 10, and fn 110.

[543] H. Roth, ‘Arthur Desmond’, Pt. 1, Radio Talk on Three New Zealand Agitators, 1956. See also, Australian Standard (Sydney) (Single Tax), 1 August 1890 reprinted from Justice (NZ; the Pioneer (South Australia) (Single Tax), 21 February 1890 reprinted the New Zealand Labor Manifesto signed ‘Arthur Desmond’, Secretary, United Labor Election Committee. The AW, 9 November 1890 for the Bank of New Zealand letter; AW, 29 November 1890

[544] Tocsin, 17 May 1900.

[545] SMH, 22 October 1892.

[546] SMH, 31 October 1892.

[547] B. Dickey, ‘The Broken Hill Strike, 1892’, Labour History (Canberra), November 1966, p. 41. Dickey is simply wrong when he says ‘suppression was against the practice of the departments concerned’. What he did not do in bringing to light his ‘Further Documents’ was to compare the different drafts of the collection presented to parliament. There are two drafts and each is different from the final version.

[548] Their departure for and arrival in Broken Hill was not publicised and their identity there was not recognised by strikers for some time.

[549] Detective Goulder to Fosberry, 24 July, 8 September; Coffey to Attorney-General, 12 September, Col. See’s Special Bundle, 4/904, as above. In 1898 Levien MP charged Sleath and Ferguson, both 1892 arrestees, with conspiracy involving foreigners. A Commission of Inquiry found no charge to answer. I have not sighted evidence. Borchardt, No. 613, Vol. IV, points to NSW Parlt. Papers 1898, Vol. 1, 1st Session, pp. 103-110 for resume. See Newcastle Morning Herald 6 Sept, 1892; The Age, 30 June 1898; Tocsin, 14 July 1898.

[550] SMH, 5 November 1892.

[551] Brady’s papers provide the attacks on ‘Amateur Reformer’ but not the Sunday Times articles themselves, and they misdate the former. ANL, MS 206/4/241, Folder 6. Extensive searching has failed to locate these Sunday Times items. Notes on their contents come mainly from the Australian Workman responses (see text).

[552] AW, 17 December 1892.

[553] AW, 3, 10, 17 December 1892. For some Warung back­ground see B. Andrews, ‘Dynamite, Barricades, Brimstone: Price Warung’s Political Themes’, Labour History, May 1972, p. 1; B. Andrews, Price Warung, Twayne, 1976; and Price Warung: A Critical and Biographical Study MA thesis, University of New South Wales, 1969.

[554] Because there is doubt about the dates of all of Andrews’s propaganda visits outside Sydney, and because there is a ‘J. Andrews’ mentioned in connection with Henry Lawson’s visit to Bourke in late 1892, there was a possibility that J.A. Andrews was in Bourke while these articles were appearing. I do not think this is so, that the ‘J. Andrews’ is a local unionist and J.A. Andrews remained in Sydney until at least mid-1893. C. Roderick, The Real Henry Lawson, Rigby, 1982, p. 47. Other de Guinney references in G. Souter, A Peculiar People, A § R, 1968, p.205. Lawson’s other companion was ‘socialist’ Jim Grahame (Gordon).

[555] Brisbane Worker, 8 October 1892; Evening News, 29 September 1892 records ASL meeting at which she was appointed to go to Bourke as ASL represent­ative. Also see for her, AW, 15 October 1892, p. 4; C & WA, 28 January, 11 and 18 February 1893; Shearers and General Record, 15 March 1893; Brisbane Worker, 28 January, 4 March 1893. She wrote under pseudonyms ‘Rose S’, ‘Rose Hummer’ and ‘RS’ usually pro-ballot, pro-women’s unions and women’s votes. She continued to mix these travelling and lecturing visits with agitation in Sydney until turning to support for, and eventual joining of ‘New Australia’.

[556] The Commonweal. (UK) of 12 April 1890 has a letter from W. Holmes arguing for such a device: ‘Some of us here have already taken the initiative and wear as badges a miniature gallows with a noose hanging from the cross-beam’. Andrews used the symbol on the cover of his Handbook of Anarcky, 1894. Schellenberg wore one to court in 1893, see Truth, 26       November 1893. Also see, C. Ashbaugh, Lucy Parsons, Kerr, 1976, p. 188

[557] J. Longoni, as above, p. 69. For discussion of song, see A. Sanborn, Paris        and the Social Revolution, Small, Maynard and Company, 1905.

[558] Brisbane Worker, 7 January 1893, p. 1.

[559] Truth, 19 February 1893; see Tasmanian Democrat (Launceston), 11 Feb, p.3; 8 April, p.4, 1893.

[560] SMH, 26 Jan, 1893, p.7.

[561] Australian Star, 24 January 1893.

[562] M. Hirsch, Fiscal Superstition, Cole, 1895, pp. 67, 89.

[563] See SMH, 24 Jan, 1893, p.4, and subsequ.

[564] AS, 21 Feb, 1893, p.4; see also AS, 24 Jan, 1893, p.4.

[565] Australian Star, 24 February 1893; AW, 4 March 1893.

[566] Brisbane Trades Hall speech, reported in Daily Standard, Bris, 20 December 1921, p.8, quoted in Len Fox, ‘Henry and Ragnar Redbeard’, Overland, March 1968.

[567] An article in Fair Play (NZ), 23 December 1893 attacking Desmond provoked a Lawson defense ‘Arthur Desmond’, in ‘By An Australian Exile’, Fair Play, 30 December 1893. The poem is at Overland, June 1953 among other places.

[568] L. Fox, as above, p. 31; see also, ‘Ragnar Redbeard’, Ross’s Monthly, March-April 1920, p. 1. M Hearn, PhD and ‘A Wild Awakening: The 1893 Banking Crisis,,,etc’, Labour History,(Sydney), 2003, is a fanciful rendition of these events in the forgettable ‘tropes’ of Greg Denning, older academic scholar.

[569] The (Brisbane) Worker, 6 May, 1920, p.12.

[570] Windsor and Hawkesbury River Gazette, 8 October 1926, includes a photograph. ‘Baarmutha’ at Bulletin, 12 June 1919 and a respondent, 10 July 1919, on Desmond mix fact and fiction in unknown proportions.

[571] J. Lang, I Remember, Sydney Invincible Press, 1956, p. 9; Lang reports Desmond as once a Royal Navy officer and Private Secretary to Sir G.

Grey. (Sydney) Worker, 29 October 1892 also claims he was a naval officer.

[572] W.M. Hughes, Copy, December 1913, pp. 6-9. See also references to ‘Dremayne’, that is, Desmond, in W. Hughes, Crusts and Crusades, 1947, for example, p. 149.

[573] Annie Dwyer letters to John Dwyer, 29 August 1894 and 12 October 1894, Dwyer      Collection, ML, MSS 2184.

[574] See SMH, 24 Jan, 1893, p.4, and subsequ.

[575] For some description C.M. Clark, A History of Australia, Vol. V, p. 90.

[576] E Shann, ‘The Boom of 1890 – And Now’, Cornstalk, 1929, p.19.

[577] Australian Star, 5 October 1893. Thos A. Dibbs as Bank Mgr. is in Sands Directory (NSW), 1893, p. 941.

[578] (Sydney) Worker, 29 April 1893, p. 4; ‘Baarmutha’, Australian Worker, 14 April 1926. Jack Lang magnified the sign to a huge banner across the street, I Remember, p. 9. ‘Baarmutha’s’ bank details are incorrect but he provides words of two Desmond poems which were put on stickers and the information that ‘Printed at the Australian Star’ the pro-Dibbs, protectionist newspaper where J.C. Watson worked, was put on some. The same item suggested Hard Cash were produced in a cellar in Sussex Street, the stated address for Standard Bearer. The 1893 item records Desmond as Australian correspondent for one Irish and two British financial journals.

[579] (Sydney) Worker, 3 May 1893. This dodger is probably the item ‘Britten’ claims he put through for ‘Esdaile’ when they quarrel in ‘Spiders’. The reward notice, £100, appears at 3 May 1893, Extra­ordinary Government Gazette, No. 290, p. 3487, NSW Government Gazettes, May-June 1893.

[580] Andrews in Tocsin, 14 June 1900.

[581] NSW Clerk of the Peace Records, 9/6866, ‘R. vs. Publishers of Justice’, 1894, NSW Archives.

[582] J.A. Ross, ‘The Early Nineties’, 1933, ML, MSS2801. From March 1893, (Sydney) Worker prints many Desmond references or Desmond-sounding material, a lot of it signed ‘No. 7’: 4 March, 1 April, 6 May, p. 1, 18 November 1893. Truth printed a Desmond poem ‘Gone Bung’ on 30 April 1893 commenting that Desmond ought to be fined another £3 for not observing the distinction between poetry and poetic licence.

[583] First issue, by my reckoning, was Vol. 1, no. 23 of 22 May 1893; then Vol. 1, no. 25, of 19 June 1893; Vol. 2, no. 1, 10 July 1893; Vol. 2, no. 3, nd; Vol. 2, no. 4, September. For Standard Bearer, which is quite a separate exercise, ‘Chapter 1’ appeared 19 November 1893; Chapter 2 on 3 December    1893; Chapter 4 on New Year’s Day 1894 (but dated 1893). Chapter 5 on 21 January 1894. Police evidence of sales imply many more than 200 Hard Cash  were printed, as does parliamentary question about fifty or so newsagents selling it without police harassment, G.D. Clark to Minister of Justice, 27 September 1893, NSW Parlt. Debates, Vol. LXVII, Legislative Assembly, p. 58. Jack Lang who wrote himself into the Desmond legend (I Remember, p. 9) spoke of helping turn the mangle and set type at 25 Rose Street, Darlington, which is where Desmond lived during 1894 (NSW Electoral Roll, 1894) thus Lang, who was in his teens, must be speaking of Australian Investors Review (Sydney Worker, 17 February 1894, p. 2) or Public Opinion (JAF, October 1894) as Standard Bearer, successor to Hard Cash, but made up to resemble it, was supposedly printed and published by Desmond at 435 Sussex Street, but this is a blind. A correspondent in Bulletin, 10 July 1919 was in error as was a para in Bulletin, 14 August 1924. Hard Cash, Vol. 2, no. 3 and Vol. 2, no. 4 provide some detail of the difficulties experienced in its production, detail fitting Ross’s account, another reason for accepting his story despite the difficulty with numbering. Standard Bearer resembles its pre­decessor by having its title in small letters and ‘Hard Kash’ in very large, but this fact disguises another, that ‘Hard Kash’, with a ‘K’, is a person who actually writes, publishes and edits the paper. See text for more on this. Truth, 19 November 1893 refers to a different Hard Cash, someone’s attempt at disinformation.

[584] On the meeting, J.A. Ross, ML, MSS2801, as above and Hard Cash, re­printed in Justice, No. 11, 7 April 1894; on Dibbs’s bankruptcy, see Age, 3 August 1893; on gift, see Bulletin cartoon, 5 August 1893, p. 9 (Sydney) Worker, 12 August 1893 lists the ships and the amount of gold bullion leaving Sydney – close to £2 million in six weeks, 24 June to 7 August. Sydney’s Daily Telegraph said RMS Arcadia left Melbourne in September with gold worth £462,225, DT, 12 September 1893.

[585] Geo Reeve, ‘Henry Lawson’, Windsor and Richmond Gazette, 28 Nov, 1950, p.9.

[586] Justice, 24 February 1894, p. 2 recounts another Brown(e) claim about ‘Anarchists and Dynamitards’ which earned him a permament job and a reward during the search for Hard Cash; ‘Baarmutha’ and Andrews have variants on the story of the removal of the press.

[587] NMH, 28 Oct, 1893.

[588] Memo, Supt. to Inspector of Police, 16 September 1893, in Bundle

“R. v. Rosa’ which, with others, is in NSW Clerk of the Peace Records, 9/6847, ‘R. vs. Hard Cash; 9/6865 is ‘R. vs. Schellenberg’.

[589] Questions in parliament by Schey and Black, at Australian Star, 5 October 1893, Truth, 29 October and 5 November 1893; on the trials see Truth,15 October 1893, Clerk of the Peace Records, 9/6847 and 9/6865 (as in fn23); and Supreme Court Criminal Appeals, 1892-94, T122, ‘R. Vs. Rosa and McNamara’, all in NSW Archives. For Schellenberg’s provocation of police see above and Brisbane Worker, 4 November 1893. On bail of £200 on his own recognisances he had to tramp mid-west NSW looking for work and Fosberry had to certify a free rail pass for him to get back to Sydney. The Crown Solicitor himself indicated the importance of Schellenberg standing trial. Wm. Hughes’ caricature of Schellenberg as ‘Adolph the Anarchist’ in Crusts and Crumbs comes from this period. Incidentally, Lang’s story of Schellenberg and Lesina’s court appearance on alleged explosion charges has not been verified.

[590] See for context and details at B James, They Call Each Other Brother, Griffin, 2010, pp.148-9.

[591] Dawn to Dusk, p. 50.

[592] G. Hannan, The ‘New Australia’ Movement, MA thesis, University of Queensland, 1966, pp. 93-98;(Sydney) Worker, 22 July 1893. On ‘bombings’ see Argus, 15 July 1893; SMH, 4 August 1893; (Sydney) Worker, 5 August 1893. An explosion on the Argo almost at the height of the strike was immediately recognised as due to coal-gas, SMH, 24 July 1893. See erroneous article, Sydney Sun, 24 May 1984.

[593] Argus,, 15 July 1893. NSW parliament resumed on 26 September, a Tuesday; the ‘Burrumbeet’ and ‘Sydney’ Reward Notices of 14 July 1893, Gazette No. 498, NSW Government Gazettes, July-August 1893, p. 5509; Truth, 23 July 1893.

[594] Numerous publications have attempted analysis of ‘New Australia’ – see letter from Ernie Lane to Reynolds reported in The Worker, 30 April, 1904.

[595] Argus, 29 July 1893.

[596] J.A. Andrews in Tocsin, 6 June 1901.

[597] Brisbane Worker, 1 October 1892, p. 3, 21 October 1892, p. 3; SMH, 7 September 1892; Brisbane Worker, 10 September 1892; GLU of Australasia-Wagga Branch, Statement of Receipts for the Year ending 31 December 1893, ML. Note: other GLU/AWU Records at ANU Archives were closed when last sought.

[598] Liberator, 26 February 1888; Andrews in Tocsin, 6 June 1901 at the time of Petrie’s death in South America.

[599] Truth, 20 August 1893. Age, 29 July 1893; Sydney Daily Telegraph, 29 July 1893, has the same stories; SMH, 29 July 1893, p. 9.

[600] SMH, 4 August 1893.

[601] Brisbane Courier, 29 July 1893. Note: Smith by 1895 is in San Francisco.

[602] Age, 5, 11, 12, 19 August 1893; in all eight remands -Deposition Register, Clerk of Petty Sessions, CPSI/AW 96, Queensland State Archives.

[603] ‘Baarmutha’, Windsor and Richmond Gazette, 8 October 1926.

[604] Argus, 24 August 1893; SMH, 24 August 1893.

[605] GLU Receipts, 1893 Petrie Defence Fund, ML; (Sydney) Worker, 2 September 1893; Bulletin, 2 September 1893, p. 8.

[606] Briefs, Depositions and Associated Papers in Criminal Cases Heard at the District Court at Brisbane, 1878-1893, JUS/AC8 No. 2957,

Queensland State Archives.

[607] Brisbane Worker, 14 October 1893. The article concludes with a letter from Marshall Lyle, a fellow MAC member, who defends Petrie’s innocence and eulogises Petrie’s work ‘among the outcasts and poor in Melbourne’.

[608] See discussion of Petrie by ‘J.D.’ and Andrews in Tocsin, 6 and 27 June 1901; also Souter, as above, pp. 170, 174 fn. from which some detail on Petrie is taken; (Sydney) Worker, 13 January and 14 April 1894. See ‘Baarmutha’ as above for suggested founders of the ASB, except for Douglas for whom see Lang, I Remember, p. 10.

[609] Queensland Times, 18 November, 1893, p.5.

[610] Beattie later described an anarchist orator in a shearing shed near Gympie in the winter of 1893 in terms which indicate Andrews, ‘Adam Tramp’ (Beattie) on ‘The Anarchist’, Tocsin, 4 January 1900, reprinted from Queensland Worker. However, to get to Gympie and back to Sydney by September/October to advise ‘a labour reformer’ against a major ‘event’ he would have had to travel by means other than foot.

[611] Dwyer Collection, ML MSS 2184/2. The 4 Principles complement Andrews’s ‘fictional’ account of the ‘War Contingent’ making ‘Spiders’ the best source on the ASB. The ‘A Division’ is the ASB group for which there are most references but there was also a ‘Star Division’, Section No. 9, which was the Wentworth Falls Social Co-operative Coal Mining Association of 1895, and there are references on rubber stamps and on published letters to No. 17, a person and a group, Group No. 19, No. 21, a person and No. 27, a person. A letter to the Australian Star signed ‘Ringleader No. 27’, also claimed to be from the Press Secretary. It referred to the seal of the Supreme Council as ‘a draped skeleton with a raised hand’. Bulletin, 21 October 1893; Standard Bearer, 1 January 1893 [sic], p. 1; Australian Star, 27 December 1893. For the Wentworth Falls venture see Lithgow Times 29 May, 1895, and ‘Socialism’ at 14 Aug, 1895.

[612] Dwyer Collection, ML MSS 2184/2.

[613] Brisbane Worker, 4 November 1893, quoting ‘Sydney papers’.

[614] Truth, 29 October 1893.

[615] NMH, 7 July, 1893, p.4.

[616] SMH, ‘The Police and Public Order’, in five parts, 12, 19, 26 Aug, 2, 4 Sept, 1893; The Australasian, (Melb), 2 Sept, 1893, p.21.

[617] Truth, 8 September 1893.

[618] SMH, 8 September 1893; VT, 7 September 1893; Holland and Douglas letters to DT, 8 September 1893 say ‘socialists as a body’ had nothing to do with the matter. Letters by Cato and Cotton abhor the disruptions.

[619] Truth, 10 September 1893.

[620] EN, 15 Sept, 1893, p.3.

[621] SMH, 20 September 1893, p. 8; Truth, 24 September 1893; VT, 20 September          1893 says this motion put before meeting by ‘a middle- aged person’   (Douglas?) who referred to McMillan as ‘fomentor of anarchy, discord and       civil strife’.

[622] SMH, 26 September 1893.

[623] (Sydney) Worker, 3 February 1894, p. 3 sets out an uncompromisingly ‘loner’ role for himself with regard to organisations. He also refers obliquely to his situation in ‘Spiders’. Handbill signed ‘No. 21’ (see note 35) is almost certainly by him. Ralph Baynham is largely a mystery. W.H. Mellor is another possibility, VT, 29 September 1893, p. 6; see fn 64 and fn 78.

[624] Andrews reference, Appendix 1, p.28; for Hart, see Weiner, as above, ch. 10.

[625] Australian Star, 7 September 1893. Similar description of Holland by WRW in International Socialist, 24 June 1911. The ‘youth’ said that he had brought 200 men with him; Truth, 17 December 1893; Holland later led the Labor Party in New Zealand, while Holman became Premier of NSW. See Dodd letter to VT, 22 September 1893 on two previously described ‘boys’, actually 28 and 30 years old, the second being Holland. His disclaimer, p. 155, can be set aside if no one actually organised the disturbance, or if Desmond is taken as organiser.

[626] J. N-R Collection, ANU Archives.

[627] ‘Communistic Anarchy’, JA Andrews, Mudgee, (Sydney) Worker, 6 January 1894.

[628] Holman and Rosa were two-thirds of NSW’s debating team to Victoria in 1891 and in January 1893 Holman was ‘on business’ with Rosa again in Melbourne, AW, 21 January 1893; Lang, as above, p. 10.

[629] (Sydney) Worker, 18 Nov, 1893.

[630] Sceusa’s welcome, (Sydney Worker), 18 November 1893.

[631] Table Talk, 17 and 24 November, 15 December 1893.

[632] Australian Star, 2 December 1893; others in similar tone, 14 December, 10 November 1893, Argus, 12 January 1894, Bird O’Freedom, 20 January 1894, and for cartoon, 21 October 1893. On the other hand ‘Bushman’ to the Star in January with information about the structure of the ASB which agrees with Andrews, described the members as ‘about the most harmless revolutionists the world has ever seen’. He believed the inner seven to be all anarchists and No. 1 to be living in Central Cumberland, Australian Star, 25 January 1894.

[633] Daily Telegraph (Sydney),13 Nov, 1893.

[634] ‘P. Warung’, Labor in Politics: Conference of 1893, Sydney, 1894; G. Black, as above, p. 33; Sydney Daily Telegraph, 10 and 11 November 1893; VT, 13 November 1893, for Kelly’s response; the Australian Star, 13 November 1893 refers to Desmond as the Gunyahtown delegate which may be a sarcasm.

[635] ‘Baarmutha’ items as above; Dally Telegraph, 13 November 1893, and

33. Ford, Cardinal Moran and the Labor Party, MUP, 1966, p. 144 quotes an anti-ASB letter to Freeman’s Journal. See also L. Fitzhardinge, William Morris Hughes, Vol. 7, That Fiery Particle, A § R,1964, pp. 42-43; D. Murphy (ed), Labor in Politics, QUP, 1975, p. 33.

[636] Photocopy with present writer, courtesy of Roth, letter dated 31 August 1963; Fitzhardinge, as above, p. 49; Truth, 12 November 1893. Rosa and    McNamara were able to attend since they were out on bail. They missed the 1894 conference when their appeals failed.

[637] Daily Telegraph, 21 July, 1894.

[638] Rylstone Advocate, April 1894; Orange Leader, 3 February 1894.

[639] SMH, 20 November 1893; Australian Star, 20 November 1893.

[640] SMH, 27 November 1893; Standard Bearer, New Year’s Day 1893 [sic], misprinted also in Socialist, 1 November 1896.

[641] Australian Star, 22 November 1893.

[642] Standard Bearer, 19 November 1893.

[643] Standard Bearer, 3 December 1893, p. 4. Truth, 15 October notes a ‘Brigader’ enrolling members in the Sydney Domain and claiming the ASB would soon have 7,000.

[644] Standard Bearer, 1 January 1893 [sic].

[645] Australian Star, 12 December 1893 and 8 February 1894; Justice, 17 February, p. 2.

[646] Aust Star, 13 Dec, 1893, p.3.

[647] SMH, 13 December 1893; Australian Star, 13, 19, 20 December 1893;

Truth, 17 December 1893.

[648] Newcastle Morning Herald, 3 Jan, 1894.

[649] Australian Star, 27 December 1893; Smith (1960) mentions masked, numbered ‘anarchists’ being arrested in Sydney. I have been unable to find the newspaper cutting or the Greig Collection of pamphlets to which he refers. Arrests of ‘seamen’ by plain-clothes police, Truth, 26 November and 3 December 1893 possibly relate to this incident.

[650] Annie Dwyer to John Dwyer, 8 December 1893, Dwyer Collection, ML, MSS 2184/1. The leaflet is marked ‘1893’ in ink, Dwyer Collection, ML, MSS 2184/2; see also Truth, 14 January 1894.

[651] R Markey, The Making of the Labor Party in New South Wales 1880-1900, UNSW Press, 1988, pp.158-164, (slightly re-arranged) for quotes, and pp.161-192, Ch 6 – ‘The Emergence of the Labor Party’ for his summary.

[652] Maitland Weekly Mercury, 21 Apr, 1894.

[653] Justice, 5 May 1894; Australian Star, 27 January and 2 February, 1894.

[654] Justice, appeared February-May 1894; Statement of Sureties, 2 February 1894 is Item 2 in ‘R. Vs. Justice’, 9/6866, Clerk of the Peace Records, NSW Archives.

[655] Australian Star, 13 and 14 June 1894.

[656] Justice, 21 April 1894.

[657] Ralston to Attorney-General, 12 July 1894, Item 2, 9/6870, Clerk of the Peace Records, NSW Archives. O’Reilly considered the ASB was finished by the jailings in any event and left town. He was back in court in December 1894 for objecting to the labelling which carried over from his earlier activities, Annie Dwyer to John Dwyer, 24 July 1894; Australian Star, 28 December 1894.

[658] G.C. Johnson, Windsor Gazette, 1903, copy in ML Newspaper Cuttings Collection on Andrews; Andrews in Justice, 28 April 1894 and (Sydney) Worker, 21 April 1894; G.C. Johnson in Justice, 12 May 1894. The two met early in 1894 and became reasonably friendly, Johnson in 1903 describing Andrews as having been ‘head and shoulders above any of [his crowd] in capacity, education and character’.

[659] Question in Parliament by George Black, Votes and Proceedings, NSW Legislative Assembly, 1894-95, vol. 1, p. 16, 29 August 1894.

[660] J.A. Ferguson, Bibliography of Australia, Vol, 5, 1851-1900, A-G, NLA Facsimile, 1977, p. 83.

[661] One Andrews account of his ‘trial’ is in Appendix One; another is at Bulletin,    3 November 1894; the Bulletin had only been warned by polite letter for a   similar offence. Selective prohibition was used or attempted against Andrews       when he was trying to cover the Justice trials for the Mudgee Guardian, Australian Workman, 16 June 1894 (letter), and against Dwyer trying to appear for Robinson   in February, Australian Star, 27 February 1894. New Order was generally     supportive of Andrews, 7 July, p. 5 and 14 July, p. 5, 1894.

[662] Australian Star, 1 and 3 May 1894.

[663] R. Carr, Anarchism in France: the Case of Octave Mirbeau, Manchester University   Press,      1977, p. 52, ch. 4.

[664] The (Syd) Worker, 12 May, 1894, p.1.

[665] CH Bertie, ‘New Order’, The Sun,(Sydney) 24 Nov, 1929, p.23.

[666] W. Hughes, ‘The Rise and Fall of the New Order, Copy, 1913, p. 6; on staff see New Order, 11 August 1894, p. 2, and ‘Baarmutha’, Bulletin, 19 July 1923. New Order contains a lot of typical Desmond. Justice has only one item from ‘No. 7’.

[667] V. Marshall, Brisbane Daily Standard, 20 December 1921; New Order, 30 June 1894, p. 8, and 14 June 1894; J. Stuart, Australian Worker, 14 April 1926, 11 May, p. 13, and 23 June 1927; (Sydney) Worker, 17 February 1894, p. 2.

[668] A similar but as yet unsighted Sunday Times attack appeared 10 June 1894; photograph of Brady on staff of Bird 0′ Freedom at 30 December 1894; Cardinal Moran at a packed Sydney memorial service for President Carnot attacked anarchism at length, especially for its anti-religious aspects, its ‘satanic enmity against religion and morality’. See report, Daily Telegraph, 21 July 1894, p. 10, and elsewhere. Fr. Ford’s book on Moran and the labor movement (cited above) is based entirely on an unexamined acceptance of Moran’s self-interested ignorance about anarchism. Sunday Times (Sydney), 10 June 1894; Bird O’Freedom, 30 June 1894. The two earlier articles, Table Talk, 17 and 24 November 1893 appear to have a different style, though the same theme.

[669] Daily Telegraph, 30 August 1894.

[670] Quoted Brisbane Worker, 8 September 1894, p. 2.

[671] Brisbane Worker, 15 September 1894, quoting Queensland Hansard 7 September.

[672] Dated ‘9 November 1893, By Order Active Service Brigade’ it appeared in the Brisbane Courier, the Brisbane Worker of 25 November 1893, Table Talk of 15 December 1893, New Zealand Times, 6 June 1894 and is discussed and quoted again as agent of change in tactics of Queensland employers in Brisbane Worker. for 5 May 1894. Higgs, the then editor of the Worker, thought the pamphlet ‘revolutionary anarchist’.

[673] Brisbane Worker, 8 September 1894, quoting the Brisbane Observer.

[674] Table Talk, ‘Anarchy in the Bush’, 31 August 1894; for the ‘Rodney’ reward, £100, see NSW Government Gazette, No. 571, 28 August 1894, p. 5455, NSW Government Gazettes, July-August 1894.

[675] Letters to SMH, 29 August 1891, and VT, 31 August 1894 quoted in 4.914.1, Colonial Secretary’s Special Bundle, ‘Police Reports on Shearing Disturbances’, NSW Archives.

[676] Brisbane Worker, 27 October 1894.

[677] Fosberry to Col. Sec., ‘Special Report’, 6 September 1894 in 4.914.1, as above.

[678] Bulletin, 7 July 1894.

[679] Brisbane Worker, 27 October 1894.

[680] Australian Star, 10 July 1894.

[681] Australian Star, 14 February 1894.

[682] Australian Star, 31 March, 17 April, 12 June 1895.

[683] Australian Star, 22 February 1894.

[684] Argus, 14 July 1894, quoted in J. Docherty, The Rise of Railway Unionism 1880-1905, NSW and Victoria, MA thesis, Australian National University, 1973, p. 79.

[685] Australian Star had 32 major items on ‘New Australia’ from 1 May to end of December 1894.

[686] See ‘Walter Alan Woods’, biog by M Lake, ADB, Vol 12, MUP, 1990.

[687] (Sydney) Worker, 20 January, 12 May 1894.

[688] (Sydney) Worker, 20 January, 21 April, 18 August 1894; Brisbane Worker, 16 June 1894; New Order, 30 June 1894; Dawn, 2 July 1894.

[689] (Sydney Worker), 15 September 1894. Simultaneously he wrote of ‘The cant and dirt of Labor Literature’, (Sydney) Worker, 6 October 1894.

[690] New Order, 11 August 1894, p. 4.

[691] J.A. Andrews to J. Dwyer, 21 October 1894, Dwyer Collection, ML MSS2184.    Annie Dwyer, after Mason’s arrest, ran 491 Elizabeth Street as a boarding house with varied help including Andrews after his return from the country    in April. Though the Brigade had apparently promised her Dwyer’s share she       claimed to have received nothing from Domain collections and donations – Letters, Annie to John Dwyer, 1894, as above; also John Dwyer to Barrister       Conroy, 21 July 1894. Desmond appears to have expressed dissatisfaction with ‘that pathetic cripple Dwyer’ – ‘Brother Snuffler’ to ‘Dear Harry’, 8 May       1894, Dwyer Collection. The in-fighting was still going on in February 1895,       Dodd to Andrews, 1 October 1894, and Dodd to Dwyer, 18 February 1895, Dwyer   Collection. Dwyer on his release somehow takes back Castlereagh Street from the young Jack Lang and cronies, makes Elizabeth Street his and ASB headquarters, and as Andrews says, initiates a number of far-sighted    projects which kept something of the ASB going into the 20th century, at one stage having three Barracks operating – see, ‘The Australian Order of Industry’ in The Socialist, 10 September 1895, p. 5.

[692] Revolt, no. 2, December 1894, p. 3.

[693] In Appendix One. See also Annie Dwyer to John Dwyer, 2 September 1894, showing Andrews expected to be arrested the day after Darley’s speech; ‘R. VS. J.A. Andrews’, Clerk of the Peace Records, Central Criminal Court, for February 1894 [sic], 9/6864, NSW Archives.

[694] Hansard, vol. 16, p. 66, NSW Legislative Assembly quoted in

235. Bennett, Life and Influence of Sir Frederick Mathew Darley, Chief Justice of NSW, 1886-1910, MA thesis, Macquarie University, 1970, p. 235.

[695] South Australian Register, 20 October 1894.

[696] G. Black to J. Dwyer, 21 December 1894, Q329.31N, ML.

[697] See Australian Star, 21 February 1895; Bulletin, 2 March 1895.

[698] ‘Anarchism up to Date’, Bulletin, 8 December 1894; ‘Revolutionary anarchists’ are acknowledged in this piece but repudiated. A Manifesto from the ‘International Federation of Revolutionary Anarchist Socialists’, issued in Italy and published in Liberty (UK), February 1895, shows some of the currency of the name.

[699] For example, (Sydney) Worker, 7 April 1894, 26 May 1894, and comments by Higgs as editor of Brisbane Worker, 20 January 1894, and 14 April 1894. See also letter by ‘OJ’ in Brisbane Worker, 8 September 1894.

[700] Socialist, 10 September 1895, p. 8.

[701] Champion, 19 October 1895, p. 139; J.A. Andrews, ‘Each According to his Needs’ pamphlet, 1895, refers to MAC meeting, 16 October 1895.

[702] VOBU Minutes, 17 June 1895.

[703] Notes adapted from on-line, ‘Harry Holland’s Sporting Archives’.

[704] Brisbane Worker, 14 September 1895; 21 December 1895. For the other pamphlets see Brisbane. Courier, 10 August 1894; Brisbane Worker, 18 August 1894 and 21 July 1894; Australian Star, 7 May 1894. Charters Towers Eagle, has report that Tozer admitted in parliament using private detectives to spy at union meetings, 12 August 1893.